OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN MEKONG RIVER BASIN Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 1
Definitions of Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundland Commission - Our Common Future, 1987) A sustainable society enables its members to achieve a high quality of life in ways that are ecologically sustainable (United Nations) Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 2
A Goal for Sustainable Development To enable each individual to live life to their full potential physical, mental, and spiritual development (1992 Earth Summit - Agenda 21) Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 3
Some Core Themes of Sustainable Development ! We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we are borrowing it from our children ! Awareness leads to appropriate action ! Prevention of pollution ! Conservation of natural resources (i.e., preserving natural capital) ! Systems thinking - interdependence of all life Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 4
More Core Themes of Sustainable Development ! Those who reap the benefits of development must bear the costs ! Those who bear the costs of development should share in the benefits ! Those affected by development must participate in decision making ! Engineering ‘fixes’ alone do not constitute sustainable development ! Precautionary principle Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 5
Precautionary Principle Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation (Agenda 21) Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 6
1992 Earth Summit Agenda 21 Themes ! Economic, social, and ecological factors must be integrated in political and business decision making - they are surely integrated in workings of the natural world ! Institutions must move out of their narrow, specialised ‘niches’ to integrate and interact with one another ! Decentralise management of resources; empower local communities Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 7
Areas of Concern in Agenda 21 and the MRB ! Poverty alleviation; arguably most important ! Human consumption patterns ! Demographics and human settlements (e.g., population growth) ! Human health ! Biodiversity ! Freshwater and coastal resources ! Land resources, especially forests Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 8
More Areas of Concern in Agenda 21 and the MRB ! Mountainous areas ! Agriculture and rural development ! Toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes ! Solid wastes ! Protecting the atmosphere ! Women, children, youth, indigenous people ! Institutional and legal frameworks Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 9
Development, Poverty and Hunger ! Poverty and ecosystem degradation result from externalised environmental and social costs of market transactions ! Some groups are enriched at the expense of the environment ! Key criterion for sustainable development is whether the needs of the least advantaged, most vulnerable members of society are met (United Nations Environment Program, 1995) Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 10
Development, Poverty and Hunger (Cont’d) Poor people have limited access to resources Preoccupied with immediate survival, not long-term conservation Increased pressure to exploit marginal environments More environmental degradation More poverty Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 11
Development, Poverty and Hunger (Cont’d) ! Environmental conservation policies must not aggravate poverty and hunger ! Any development which significantly impacts natural resources can create poverty ! Excessive and wasteful use of resources leads to poverty and hunger ! Human population numbers, their distribution, and their consumption of resources create poverty and hunger Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 12
What do we Mean by ‘The Environment’? Air Water Land Minerals Solar Energy Plants Animals Organisms Humans Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 13
What is an Ecosystem? Interactions between biological (living) organisms in a defined area, and with their physical environment (air, water, land), and the associated flow and transformation of energy Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 14
Ecosystem Characteristics ! Mutual interdependence of all components ! Survival of each type of plant and organism requires specific habitats and physical conditions ! Strive to achieve equilibrium or stasis ! In practice they are in dynamic equilibrium ! Maximize entropy (as in biodiversity) ! When disturbed by an external force, they may adapt or break down ! Fragile and resilient Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 15
Ecosystem Sustainability ! Healthy ecosystems are sustainable ! Unhealthy ecosystems will eventually perish ! Sustainable ecosystems are vital to the quality of human life and well-being ! Biodiversity = Resilience and Adaptability Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 16
Some Uses of MRB Water Resources ! Water supply and sanitation ! Agriculture ! Urban development ! Hydropower generation ! Fisheries ! Transportation ! Industry ! Recreation ! Low and flatlands management Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 17
Harmful Human Activities ! Reduction of forest cover ! Conversion of wetlands to agriculture and aquaculture ! Slash and burn agriculture ! Overuse of pesticides and fertilizer ! Some reservoirs and irrigation projects ! Removal of coastal mangrove forests ! Destructive fishing methods, overfishing ! Expansion of urban populations Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 18
Human Impacts on Forests ! MRB forest cover reduced from 50% to 27% of land area in 15 years from 1970 to 1985 ! Unsustainable legal and illegal logging ! Collection of firewood - primary energy source for most people ! Clearing of forests for agriculture ! Road building ➜ increased access to remote forest areas Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 19
Unsustainable Effects of Forest Loss ! Loss of habitat for plants and animals ➜ lower biodiversity ! Loss of soil fertility from trading short-term agriculture gains for valuable forest species ! Loss of soil due to erosion, landslides ! Higher turbidity and siltation in Mekong River, its tributaries, Tonle Sap, and reservoirs ! Loss of fish spawning and rearing habitat in Great Lake flooded forest ! Global warming Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 20
Unsustainability of Plantation Forests ! Species often have high nutrient demands ! Leaf litter damages soil quality ! Low biodiversity - loss of wildlife, increased risk of disease ! Supply little firewood, no medicines, food ! Not labour intensive ! Subject to land speculation, corrupt practices ! Loss of local community rights Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 21
Unsustainable Effects of Mangrove Forest Removal ! Reduced protection from coastal erosion ! Loss of habitat for breeding and feeding coastal marine species ➜ lower biodiversity, loss of traditional fisheries ! Pollution from aquaculture wastes and chemicals Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 22
Unsustainable Effects of Wetland Loss ! Reduction in biodiversity ! Loss of habitat for: » fish spawning and rearing » birds » microfauna on which fish and birds feed ! Reduction of water storage, flood control ! Increased soil salinity and saltwater intrusion Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 23
Unsustainable Fisheries ! Too many people chasing too few fish ! Destruction of fish habitat ! Blockage of fish migration routes by dams ! Increased sedimentation, water turbidity hinders fish feeding and spawning ! Changes in water chemistry unsuitable for fish ! Illegal methods such as dynamite fishing ! Introduction of exotic species Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 24
Unsustainable Effects of Dams ! Forced resettlement of communities often results in their impoverishment ! Loss of downstream river flow volumes and natural fluctuations ! Undesirable changes in water chemistry ! Loss of traditional fisheries ! Flooding of uncleared forested areas causes greenhouse gas emissions, navigation and fishing hazards in reservoirs ! Increased risk of saltwater intrusion in Delta Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 25
Unsustainable Effects of Irrigation ! High loss of water to evaporation ! Increased salinization of soils ! Inequitable allocation of water - upstream users benefit at expense of downstream ! Reduction in downstream water flow ! Increased agro-chemical run-off to river ! Soil erosion and siltation from run-off ! Landslides in hilly areas Sustainable Development and Environmental Awareness 26
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