ATEM MODULE 4: ELECTRICAL A c c r e d i t e d T e x a s E n e r g - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ATEM MODULE 4: ELECTRICAL A c c r e d i t e d T e x a s E n e r g y M a n a g e r

The Goal… ❯ TO LOWER YOUR ELECTRIC BILL A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Electricity is a Form of Energy ❯ Three Basic Components of Electricity -Voltage -Current -Resistance A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

To Simplify… Let’s look at the physical definition of work Work = Force X Distance Force Distance A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire What is Current? Current is flow of electric charge through a medium Units: Amps A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire What is Resistance? Resistance is the opposition to flow of electric current Units: Ohms A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What Increases Resistance? ❯ Type of materials used for wire -Aluminum is more resistive to current flow, than copper ❯ The length of the wire Pipe=Wire -The longer the wire, the more resistance to current flow will be present ❯ The cross-sectional area of the wire -The smaller the wire diameter, the more resistance to current flow will be present A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Electrical Distribution Losses A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Three Basic Components of Electricity ❯ How are the three basic components related? Ohm’s Law Voltage = Current x Resistance V = I x R A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire The electric What is Voltage? Distance potential difference The amount of work that can be done by moving an electric charge a distance Units: Volts A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire How quickly electrical What is Power? Distance energy is transferred The amount of work that can be done by moving an electric charge a distance Units: Watts A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Electrical Power ❯ We learned: - Ohm’s Law - V = I x R Power = Voltage x Time Wh = V x Hours Where: Wh = Watt hours Note: 1000 Wh = 1 KiloWattHour (kWh) A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Not All Power Is Useful ❯ Total -Apparent Power -Units: Volt-Ampere ❯ Not Useful Pipe=Wire -Reactive Power -Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive ❯ Useful -Real Power -Units: Watts ❯ Not ALL of the energy made was transferred to the right place A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Non-Useable Power ❯ Inductive loads have high reactive power -T12 Ballasts -Large Motors -Arc Welders -Inductive Furnace A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

How Are the Powers Related? (Apparent Power) 2 = (Real Power) 2 + (Reactive Power) 2 ❯ Apparent Power -Total Power delivered to the building from the electricity utility company -Units: Volt-Ampere or VA ❯ Real Power -Power that you were able to use -Units: Watts or W ❯ Reactive Power -Power that you wasted -Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive or VAr A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

How is Power Related to Voltage and Current? ❯ Apparent Power ( 𝑄) -Total Power delivered to the building from the electricity utility company -Units: Volt-Ampere or VA Single Phase Three Phase 𝑄 = 𝑊 × 𝐽 𝑄 = 𝑊 × 𝐽 × 3 A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What is kWh? kWh = (Watts/1000) x Number of Hours ❯ The energy consumed over a period of time (usually 1 hour) A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Understanding kWh 2,000 Watt fan that runs for 7 hours =2kW x 7 hours = 14kWh A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Back to the Electric Bill… Power Consumed Apparent Power the building required

What is Power Factor? ❯ Power Factor is the ratio of the real power to the total power (apparent power) Real Power (Watts) Power Factor = Apparent Power (Volt-Amps) ❯ Power factor will range from 0 to 1 or 0% to 100% A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Power Factor Example Real Power (Watts) Power Factor = Apparent Power (Volt-Amps) Real Power (Watts) 0.97 = 728 VA Real Power = 706 kW A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Power Factor Correction ❯ Power factor correction will only decrease your electric bill, if the utility imposes a penalty on power factor ❯ Why? -Because most utility companies charge customers on an hourly average of Real Power (Watt) consumption A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What is Load Factor? ❯ Load factor is how much energy is used in comparison to the total peak energy available Total kWh consumed per billing period Load Factor = Total potential energy available Total kWh consumer per billing period Load Factor = Peak Demand in kW x billing period x 24 hrs/day 36,000 kWh 36,000 kWh Load Factor = = = 50% 100 kW x 30 days x 24 hrs/day 72,000 kWh A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Understanding Load Factor ❯ Both low and high load factors can represent energy cost saving opportunities ❯ High LF may mean that you shaved the Peak Demand or reduced your monthly consumption ❯ Low LF may mean that you reduced you operating hours, to save kWh but didn’t improve the Peak Demand General Rule If LF>50%, focus attention on excessive consumption If LF<50%, focus attention on Peak Demand reduction A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Peak Demand (KW) ❯ Electric meters count the amount of KW used in a time period ❯ Typical time period is 15 minutes or 30 minutes ❯ The largest consumption per time period is the Peak Demand ❯ There can be a “ratcheted” annual peak demand, summer peak demand (4CP), and/or a monthly peak demand A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Poor Peak Demand e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Peak Demand e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Demand Limiting ❯ The practice of limiting or reducing the peak demand each day ❯ Typically performed with a BAS system turning off extraneous equipment, or diverting non-essential usage to non-peak hours of the day (e.g. thermal storage) A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Demand Limiting e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Demand Limiting Ideas ❯ Don’t run heavy loads from 1 pm – 7 pm -Instead use them at night › Kilns, computer on wheels, dishwashers, dryers ❯ Cycle needed equipment so the entire group does not run in the same time period -Groups of RTUs or Split Systems A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Peak Demand of Water Cooled vs. Air Cooled Chillers e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

What can I do to lower my peak kW demand, lower total consumption, increase the load factor, and lower my electric bill? A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Add VFD’s ❯ Variable Frequency Drive ❯ Varies the incoming frequency, in order to change the motor speed and torque ❯ Typically install 1 VFD per motor ❯ A VFD can run a motor efficiently ❯ It can also soft start motors and lower the peak kW demand A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Savings Example ❯ A 15 Horsepower motor can be reduced from 60 Hz to 45 Hz Fan Affinity Law: Where: 3 HP = horsepower 𝐼𝑄 2 𝑂 2 N = speed = 𝐼𝑄 𝑂 1 1 3 𝐼𝑄 2 45 = 𝐼𝑄 2 = 6.38 𝐼𝑄 = 57.8% 15 = 60 Savings! If pump runs for 1800 hours/year ($0.10 electricity) saves $1,163/year A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Adding VFD’s ❯ Real World Example - Added VFD’s to two 50 HP motors and evaluated the cost savings ❯ Saved in a year -190,126 kWh from total consumption -47 kW from the Peak Demand TOTAL OF: $18, 326.35 A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Change Indoor Lighting ❯ Change incandescent lamps to fluorescent or LED type to save energy A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Change Indoor Lighting ❯ Fluorescent – Change T12 fluorescent lamps to T8 or T5 lamps, and its corresponding ballast (starts and drives the lamps) 4 Foot Lamp Example Comparable light output for less T12 = 40W Small Building wattage of electricity T8 = 32W 200 2’ x 4’ Fixtures T5 = 28W 4 Lamps each T12 vs T5? 32,000W vs 22,400 W 9,600W A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Change Indoor Lighting ❯ So, what does it mean in $$$$$ ? 9,600W x 270 occupied days/year x 9.5 hours/day = 24,624 kWh 24,624 kWh x 0.085540/kWh = $2,106.33 savings a year A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Change Indoor Lighting e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Change Outdoor Lighting to LED e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t