Capacity Development to Support Drought National Drought Management Policies 1 st Regional workshop, Vulnerability and 9-11 July 2013, Bucharest, Romania Assessment in the European Context Jamal Annagylyjova Programme Officer for Central and Eastern Europe United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Contents Vulnerability as a function of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity – Impact o f droughts in Europe From Vulnerability to Action On-going examples of initiatives in Europe on drought vulnerability and risk assessment UNCCD Policy on Drought
Conceptual Framework of Vulnerability SENSITIVITY EXPOSURE POTENTIAL ADAPTIVE IMPACT CAPACITY VULNERABILITY Source: Australian Government, 2005
Vulnerability and Risk Assessment The process of identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing (or ranking) the vulnerabilities in a drought scenario • Includes assessing the threats from potential drought hazards to the population, infrastructure, environment, etc. • It is conducted individually or combined from the political, social, economic or environmental perspective, etc.
What are the general steps for drought vulnerability and risk assessment? Cataloging Assigning available Mitigating or quantifiable Identifying the assets and eliminating the value (or at vulnerabilities most serious capabilities least rank or potential (resources) vulnerabilities order) and threats to each in the event for the most importance resource valuable of a to those resources drought resources
Where are the drought impacts felt? Environmental Economic Social Wind and water soil Increased food Increased poverty erosion prices and reduced quality of life Increased Loss of livestock desertification production Mental and physical stress Biodiversity loss Loss of hydroelectric power, navigation Social unrest Increased fires Loss to tourism Political conflicts industry
Where does drought has the most secondary and tertiary impact? Environmental Land degradation, desertification, dust storms • Water scarcity • Socio-Economic Agriculture and food security - • Industry and manufacturing - unemployment • Poverty • Forced human migration • Malnutrition, poor health and diseases prevalence • Conflicts over use of resources •
Observed drought episodes in Europe 1971-2011 Source: EEA/NSV/10/002
How vulnerable CEE region to drought ? Communication from EC to European Parliament (2007) 30 years overview To date, at least 11% of European population and • 17% of its territory are affected by water scarcity 1976-2006 – dramatic increase in number and • intensity of drought in EU In 2003 – 100 million people and one third of EU • territory were affected Cost of drought over 30 years up to 100 billion Euro •
Most vulnerable sectors in Europe Agriculture : grain crops and livestock farming are most severely affected. Energy : generation of electricity was decreased in more than 30 nuclear power plant units in Europe due to limitations in the level of cooling water discharge (IAEA, 2004) Forestry : In Romania, severe drought affected forest causing changes of areal and species composition, encouraging appearance of Saharian species in South part of country (Lupu et al., 2010)
Case Study: health impact of the heat wave Year Heat wave Country (location) Number of heat temperature wave-related record ( ◦ C) morbidities- a 2005 36 Romania (Bucharest) 500 2000 b 46 Turkey 300 2000 35 Croatia (Zagreb, Split, 200 Osijek, Rijeka) 2006 36 Romania 200 1996 40 Romania 200 2000 43 100 Romania (Bucharest, Bechet) 2007 40.3 Slovak Republic 89 2000 42 Serbia and Montenegro 70 2007 c 45.5 Bulgaria 50 Source: EM-DAT 2008.
Vulnerabilities – Future projections for Europe In 2012 the IPCC concluded that there is medium confidence in a projected increase in duration and intensity of droughts in some regions of the world, including southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, and Central Europe
Index of Exposure to CC Strength of future CC related to Source: Baettig et al, 2007 current variability
Index of Sensitivity to CC Source: Fay and Patel , 2008 Physical and economic indicators
Index of adaptive capacity to CC Social (income inequality,), Source: Fay and Patel, 2008 Economic (GDP per capita), Institutional measures
An Index of Vulnerability to Climate Change for Different ECA Countries WB, 2009
How vulnerable CEE region to drought ? The vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Central and Eastern European countries to climate change over the next two decades will be dominated by socio-economic factors and legacy rather than by climate change itself (World Bank, 2009) Non-climatic factors, such as a legacy of inefficient water use and continued unsustainable demand, will be the main drivers of water stress in Europe over the next couple of decades. (Vörösmarty et al. 2000.)
Contents Vulnerability as a function of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity – Impact o f droughts in Europe From Vulnerability to Action On-going examples of initiatives in Europe on drought vulnerability and risk assessment UNCCD Policy on Drought
From Vulnerability to Action Successful Drought Mitigation Policy Different time scale: – short-term – long – term measures and investment Stakeholders: – Climatologists (monitor) – Agriculturalists and Natural resources mangers (assess impact) – High level decision – makers (act on base of received info)
Barriers for successful mitigation policy Absence of unified authority in natural resource management Responsibility is divided among governmental jurisdictions Inadequate policy and institutional capacity Others …
On-going initiatives: Communication from Commission to European Parliament and Council Proposes set of policy options: • Effective water pricing policy • Improving drought risk management • Considering new water supply infrastructure • Efficient allocation of water and water-related funds • Improving knowledge and data collection
On-going initiatives in Europe MEDROPLAN, Mediterranean Drought Preparedness and Mitigation Planning (since 2003) European Drought Center (since 2004) Drought Management Center for South and Eastern Europe (DMC SEE) in Slovenia (since 2006)
Drought Management Action Plan of Turkey The Plan Legislative framework was set in 2007. Policy objective: To establish strategies and measures to minimize the impact of drought • on farming and food security Scope: To establish coordinated actions through involvement of all stakeholders, • To monitor and manage drought (&climate related disasters) in the • country, To supervise and coordinate development of the Drought Management • Action Plan Monitor implementation of the action plan • Result: Strategy on Agricultural Drought and Action Plan prepared
Drought Management Action Plan Drought Management Coordination Council Early Warning Risk Assessment Management & Forecasting Committee Central Committee Working Data Flow Groups Drought Crisis Provincial Center Provincial Directorate
Contents Vulnerability as a function of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity – Impact o f droughts in Europe From Vulnerability to Action On-going examples of initiatives in Europe on drought vulnerability and risk assessment UNCCD Policy on Drought
What is the role of the Advocacy Policy Framework on Drought? Parties to the UNCCD COP 10 requested the Secretariat to • develop an Advocacy Policy Framework (APF) on drought The APF on drought provides the UNCCD secretariat with • tools and approaches for assisting country Parties in addressing key drought issues and concerns. The overarching goal of this APF is to promote the • development and adoption of policies that reduce societal vulnerability to drought. COP 11 in Windhoek, Namibia is expected to take a decision • endorsing the APF in September 2013.
CEE policies on land degradation and drought in the UNCCD context National Action Programmes to be aligned with the strategic objectives of the 10 Years Strategy In 2013, eighteen (18) countries of Central and Eastern Europe (UNCCD Annex V) started designing the Regional Action Programme to combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought
Recent from UNCCD: Economics of Land Degradation Partnership of the UNCCD, EC, Germany (BMZ), UNU, Center for Development Research (ZEF) Standard methodology to assess economic costs and benefits of action on SLM and provide policy options On-site and off-site damages and losses Country case studies
Thank you Regional Coordination Unit E-mail: jannagylyjova@unccd.int in c/o PAGI Unit of the UNCCD Secretariat Tel: (49-228) 815 2819 Fax: (49-228) 815 2898/9 e-mail: pagi@unccd.int echinyamakobvu@unccd.int web: http://www.unccd.int
Roundtable discussion GROUP C GROUP B GROUP A Who plays which role What are the Who is vulnerable mitigation in developing the (socially/economic policies and mitigation policies at ally) and why? plans that all levels? reduce drought impact? Are there any on going initiatives in your country ?
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