Applications and issues of large scale transcriptome profiling - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Applications and issues of large scale transcriptome profiling experiments

Outline • Co-expression and expression conservation – Reshaping of the maize transcriptome by domestication (Swanson-Wagner et al PNAS 2012) – Variation among networks – RNAseq vs microarray • Enabling usage of co-expression networks to study natural variation – eQTL hotspots – Phenotypic QTL • Integration of transcriptome and epigenome

Identification of loci involved in domestication A QTL analysis focused on nine traits that measure plant and inflorescence architecture in a cross of maize vs teosinte find six major effect loci: Doebley 2004 Ann Rev Genetics Genomic scans for selection (diversity scans) Hufford et al., 2012 Re-sequence 75 genomes Wright et al., 2005: Identified Yamasaki et al., 2007 Identified ~500 selected regions ~30 targets of domestication (1754 genes)

Collection of expression data Ruth Swanson-Wagner • Maize: 38 genotypes assayed (23 NAMs and other diverse maize inbreds) • Teosinte: 24 genotypes profiled (7 TILs and 17 “wild” individuals) • Seedling expression assayed by using custom NimbleGen array with 3-4 probes each for ~32,500 4a.53 filtered gene set

Finding differences in expression data Expression Data Differentially Expressed Genes Differential Covariance 5

Re-wiring of transcriptome in maize • Generate co-expression networks in maize and teosinte • Assess network similarity and per-gene expression conservation (EC) Roman Briskine Co-expression network records similarity between each pair of gene expression profiles. Fisher transformation and normalization (Huttenhower et al., 2006) Transcriptome is significantly re-wired

Expression conservation score measures similarity between gene's co-expression profiles in two networks Dutilh et al., 2006 7

Identification of genes with significant differences in EC z = EC − μ null σ null 8

EC and DE approaches identify different expression changes • 18,224 expressed genes assessed • 612 DE genes (enriched for targets of selection) • 824 AEC genes • 215 in common (enriched for targets of selection)

Co-expression networks • Co-expression analysis identifies genes with similar patterns of expression: Relies upon variation in gene expression • Should we be using the “kitchen sink” approach or developing multiple networks? 60 tissues of B73 62 genotypes Sekhon et al., 2011 Swanson-Wagner et al 2012 protein catabolic processes electron transport chain organic substance transport glucose metabolism cell wall modification response to biotic stimulus

Co-expression networks: RNAseq vs microarray • Comparison of microarray and RNAseq data: Co-expression • 18 samples from different tissues of B73 • Selected 19,328 “expressed” genes from microarrays

Expression conservation: RNAseq vs microarray

Outline • Co-expression and expression conservation • Enabling usage of co-expression networks to study natural variation – Simple user queries of networks – eQTL hotspots – Phenotypic QTL • Integration of transcriptome and epigenome

COB: A viewer to query co-expression networks with genes and coordinates • http://csbio.cs.umn.edu/cob/ • Allows user to query various networks with gene(s) and then to visualize genomic coordinates or overlap between networks Rob Schaefer

Co-expression networks: Trans-eQTL hotspots • Trans-eQTL “hotspots” identified using RNAseq analysis of ~100 RILs • Determine whether “targets” are co - expressed in other genotypes or tissues • Ask whether genes within hotspot are in same network • Several examples in which putative TF within hotspot shows co-expression with network in other samples Gene from trans-eQTL hotspot co-expressed with many targets

Co-expression networks: Phenotypic QTL • Tian et al (2011) identified ~30 QTL for leaf angle by joint linkage analysis • Also performed GWAS • Two classical maize mutants; lg1 and lg2 likely are molecular bases for two of the QTL (and have significant SNP associations) • Rest are unknown • Query co-expression networks to identify genes co-expressed with lg genes and located within QTL Co-expressed with lg gene in genotype network Co-expressed with lg gene in developmental network

Outline • Co-expression and expression conservation • Enabling usage of co-expression networks to study natural variation • Integration of transcriptome and epigenome – Different data types – How to isolate contribution of epigenome to transcriptome variation

Transcriptome profiling provides critical information for understanding phenotype • What proportion of expression level variation is attributable to epigenome? Environment ? Epigenome ? Expression level / pattern Genotype Phenotype Altered gene form Transcript Chromatin variation variation

Data and questions • Data types: – meDIP-chip (DNA methylation) [n=~140 profiles] – ChIP-chip (H3K9me2; H3K27me3) [n=~75 profiles] – RNAseq 120 samples (20-25 million reads each) • Samples – Five tissues for two genotypes – 1 tissue for 25 genotypes • Identification of initial variation (two samples with replicates) easy • How to collapse and classify variation in large population more difficult • Overlap? (lots of samples, not requiring complete correlation) – Chromatin marks and expression – Chromatin marks and SNPs

Limited variation for DNA methylation patterns Generally very similar patterns of DNA methylation Increased methylation near repetitive sequences; decreased methylation near genes Regions with extremely different methylation profiles can also be found ~1000 DMRs in B73 vs Mo17

What happens in other maize genotypes? • DNA methylation patterns are generally quite similar among genotypes and tissues. • However, there are ~1000 DMRs between any two genotypes. • Variation frequently acts equally upon all tissues. B73 embryo B73 endosperm B73 leaf Mo17 embryo Mo17 endosperm Mo17 leaf Ki11 leaf Mo18w leaf NC358 leaf Oh7b leaf

What happens in other maize genotypes? • Call DMRs between two genotypes • Need tools for simultaneously defining regions and classifying among all genotypes

Once DMRs are found: Causes and Effects Chromosome 6 • What is causing chromatin change? Is it associated with SNPs? Rare phenotype problem • Does the chromatin change cause an expression change? What about partial correlations?

Summary • Making sense of differences among populations – Co-expression and expression conservation • Enabling usage of – omics datasets (transcriptome, epigenome, etc) – Interrogation tools – Visualization tools • When is enough enough? – Allele-specific expression analysis

Thanks! -Chad Myers • Steve Eichten -Roman Briskine • Irina Makarevitch -Rob Schaefer • Amanda Waters -Shawn Kaeppler • -Robin Buell Ruth Swanson-Wagner -Rajandeep Sekhon • Peter Hermanson -Candy Hansey -Lin Li • Matthew Vaughn -Gary Muehlbauer -Patrick Schnable • NSF DBI# 0922095 -Mary Gehring -Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra -Matthew Hufford -Peter Tiffin