Analysis Of Waste Analysis Of Waste Management Policies In India Management Policies In India Application of AIM/Material to India Application of AIM/Material to India Ashish Rana Ashish Rana NIES NIES The 7 th International AIM Workshop, Tsukuba, March 15-17, 2002
Solid wastes problem in India Solid wastes problem in India � As visible as water pollution, air quality in cities As visible as water pollution, air quality in cities � � Management and safe disposal Management and safe disposal � � Generation is higher than collection Generation is higher than collection � City Solid wastes (Tons/day) Generated Collected Bombay 3200 3100 Madras 1819 1637 Bangalore 1800 1225 Ahmedabad 1200 1080 Kanpur 2142 1500 Pune 1000 700 Lucknow 600 500
Types of solid wastes Types of solid wastes � Rural Rural � � Chiefly organic, animal waste Chiefly organic, animal waste � � Municipal Municipal � � From households From households � � Industrial Industrial � � Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional � methods with little technological inputs methods with little technological inputs
Quantity and nature of waste Quantity and nature of waste � Per capita waste generation Per capita waste generation – – 300 to 600 grams 300 to 600 grams � per day per day � Characteristics Characteristics � � Low Calorific value Low Calorific value � � High Moisture content High Moisture content � � High proportion of organic matter High proportion of organic matter � � Lower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, Lower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, � metals. metals.
Composition of MSW Composition of MSW Composition Percentage Biodegradable 52% Metals Scrap, Rubber, Textiles, Leather etc 11% Stones and Rubbles 8% Fine Earth and Sand 23% Plastics 1% Paper and Paper Products 5%
Industrial wastes Industrial wastes � Inadequate data Inadequate data � � Availability Availability � � Quality Quality � � Estimation: waste per unit of production Estimation: waste per unit of production � � Technology differences? (Paper industry example) Technology differences? (Paper industry example) � Wood-based Agri. Residue Wastepaper Wastewater (kg/Ton of output) BOD 65 176 20 COD 246 741 70 TSS 168 160 60 Solid Waste (ton/ton of output) 1.5 - 2.0 0.15 - 0.2 � Hazardous waste Hazardous waste - - more attention more attention �
Hazardous waste Hazardous waste � High priority High priority � � Discharge without checks Discharge without checks � � Trade/Illegal dumping from developed nations Trade/Illegal dumping from developed nations � � High High- -powered Committee Report 2000 powered Committee Report 2000 � � Civil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) action Civil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) action � � Estimated annual generation around 4.5 Million Estimated annual generation around 4.5 Million � tons plus around 0.1 Million tons of imports tons plus around 0.1 Million tons of imports
E nvironment industry E nvironment industry � Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to � grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate) grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate) Environment control equipment market for some sectors 1998 (Million Dollars) Total Market Local Production Coal 50.9 20 Textiles 39 29 Paper and Pulp 88 46 Power 1 9.45 5.95 1 Only Environment monitoring equipment
Recycling Recycling � Recycling from households Recycling from households � � Old tradition Old tradition � � Recycling from industries Recycling from industries � � Chiefly done through Chiefly done through ‘ ‘Informal sector Informal sector’ ’ � � Absence of organized data Absence of organized data � � Informal sector Informal sector � � Rag picker/Itinerant Buyer Rag picker/Itinerant Buyer � � Long chain of intermediaries Long chain of intermediaries – – waste dealers, wholesalers, waste dealers, wholesalers, � � Small recycling units or industries Small recycling units or industries � � Plastics recycling ~ 60% Plastics recycling ~ 60% � � Paper recycling Paper recycling - - ~15 ~15- -20% 20% �
AIM/ Material application AIM/ Material application � 26 Sectors (24 Commodities) 26 Sectors (24 Commodities) � � 15 Waste types 15 Waste types � � Emphasis on solid wastes Emphasis on solid wastes � � Separate treatment of hazardous waste Separate treatment of hazardous waste � � Recycling Recycling �
Model schematic Model schematic Household Resource inputs Environmental Market Industry Recycling Intermediate Waste Management Management Environment Investment Disposal Emission rights final disposal Investment Non-toxic Production Waste Toxic Recycling Waste Management Intermediate Management Disposal CO2 final disposal input for other intermediate capital labor energy pollution management input Resource inputs
Flow of goods Flow of goods see “commodities” in the model see “commodities” in the model Activity Activity see “sectors” in the model see “sectors” in the model PTG PTG PDM(U) PDM(U) PIM(U) PIM(U) PP(V,P) PP(V,P) PY(U) PY(U) PDM(U) PDM(U) PDM(U) PDM(U) PDM(U) PDM(U) PK PK PK PK EXD(U) EXD(U) PX(U) PX(U) PINV(U) PINV(U) PCAP PCAP PEX(U) PEX(U) INV(U) INV(U) CAPF CAPF PCAP PCAP PL PL PL PL ACT(V) ACT(V) PIM(U) PIM(U) PSI(IVP) PSI(IVP) UTL UTL PTG PTG PEK(P) PEK(P) production production PECP(P) PECP(P) PM(H,V) PM(H,V) ABR ABR House- House- PIM(I) PIM(I) PGI(U) PGI(U) PZ PZ hold hold PENE(V,”pro”) PENE(V,”pro”) PSI(IVP) PSI(IVP) INFR(IVP) INFR(IVP) PE(EN) PE(EN) PEV(P) PEV(P) PGW PGW MRPE(J,P) MRPE(J,P) PCARB PCARB PEV(P) PEV(P) PP(J,P) PP(J,P) discharge into env. discharge into env. PZT PZT PCON PCON ECPF1(P) ECPF1(P) PL PL PECP(P) PECP(P) MRPA(J,P) MRPA(J,P) PA(P) PA(P) PP(J,P) PP(J,P) PEK(P) PEK(P) PDM(U) PDM(U) RED(J,P) RED(J,P) self management self management PZ PZ PX(H) PX(H) PGI(U) PGI(U) PX(U) PX(U) ECPF ２ ECPF ２ pollutant pollutant GI(U) GI(U) (P) (P) self self PM(H,J) PM(H,J) PIM(U) PIM(U) PXE(EN) PXE(EN) management management PENE(J,P) PENE(J,P) PDM(U) PDM(U) PX(I) PX(I) PIM(I) PIM(I) CON(I) CON(I) PC(I) PC(I) PCON PCON PDM(“mwm”) PDM(“mwm”) HOUSE HOUSE PENEH PENEH PW(J,S) PW(J,S) PP(J,S) PP(J,S) MRPW(J,S) MRPW(J,S) PDM(H) PDM(H) PIM(H) PIM(H) PM(H,J) PM(H,J) IOM(H,J) IOM(H,J) PX(H) PX(H) PK PK PL PL PDM(EN) PDM(EN) PE(EN) PE(EN) PCARB PCARB PX(H) PX(H) EAGG1(EN) EAGG1(EN) IWM(WNT,WMW) IWM(WNT,WMW) PENE(“iwm”,”pro”) PENE(“iwm”,”pro”) PECH(EN) PECH(EN) PENEH PENEH CEMH(EN) CEMH(EN) EAH EAH PE(EN) PE(EN) PP(“iwm”,P) PP(“iwm”,P) industrial industrial waste waste PIW(WNT,WMW) PIW(WNT,WMW) PWIX(W) PWIX(W) PW(J,”w_i”) PW(J,”w_i”) PIM(EN) PIM(EN) PE(EN) PE(EN) PM(H,”iwm”) PM(H,”iwm”) IWS(W,WMW) IWS(W,WMW) IWG(J) IWG(J) EAGG2(EN) EAGG2(EN) management management Activity Activity PE(EN) PE(EN) PENE(J,D) PENE(J,D) For For PEC(EN,J,D) PEC(EN,J,D) PXE(EN) PXE(EN) CEM(EN,J,D) CEM(EN,J,D) EAG(J,D) EAG(J,D) PEK(“w_i”) PEK(“w_i”) Non-toxic Non-toxic PCARB PCARB PXE(EN) PXE(EN) PE(EN) PE(EN) EAGG3(EN) EAGG3(EN) PZ PZ PWM(W) PWM(W) PDM(“mwm”) PDM(“mwm”) HWS HWS PK PK PWM(W) PWM(W) PGW PGW GWS GWS PL PL PX(H) PX(H) IWM(WT,WMW) IWM(WT,WMW) PENE(“iwm”,”pro”) PENE(“iwm”,”pro”) PP(“iwm”,P) PP(“iwm”,P) industrial industrial waste waste PIW(WT,WMW) PIW(WT,WMW) PM(H,”iwm”) PM(H,”iwm”) management management Activity Activity For For PXE(EN) PXE(EN) PEK(“w_i”) PEK(“w_i”) toxic toxic PZT PZT PK PK PL PL PENE(“mwm”,”pro”) PENE(“mwm”,”pro”) MWM(W,WMW) MWM(W,WMW) PX(H) PX(H) PP(“mwm”,P) PP(“mwm”,P) Municipal Municipal PM(H,”mwm”) PM(H,”mwm”) waste waste PMW(W,WMW) PMW(W,WMW) MWS(W,WMW) PWMX(W) MWS(W,WMW) PWMX(W) PW(J,”w_m”) PW(J,”w_m”) management management MWG(J) MWG(J) activity activity PEK(“w_m”) PEK(“w_m”) PXE(EN) PXE(EN) PZ PZ
Sectors Sectors AGR Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing WTR Water Supply MIN Mining SRV Services FOD Food MWM Municipal Waste Management TEX Textiles IWM Industrial Waste Management PLP Paper and pulp EMC Environment Industry CHM Chemicals GOV Government service NMM Non-metallic minerals COL Coal BMT Basic Metals OIL Oil FMT Fabricated Metals GAS Gas HYD + MCH Machinery Hydro Power THE + ELM Electrical machinery Thermal Power NUC + TRE Transport equipment Nuclear Power OTH Other manufacturing ELE* Electricity CNS Construction + Only Sector * Only Commodity
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