Introduction NASA Stardust Summary Aerogel in the NASA Stardust Mission Capture of dust from Comet Wild-2 Edward Lilley Hills Road Sixth Form College January 2009 Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction NASA Stardust Summary Outline 1 Introduction Properties Manufacture 2 NASA Stardust Overview Particle Tracks 3 Summary Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary What is an aerogel? Invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931 A dry, opencelled foam[1] (amorphous) Formed from a gel A colloidal structure with solid continuous medium and gaseous dispersed phase Peter Tsou, Stardust PI, NASA Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary What is an aerogel? Invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931 A dry, opencelled foam[1] (amorphous) Formed from a gel A colloidal structure with solid continuous medium and gaseous dispersed phase Peter Tsou, Stardust PI, NASA Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary What is an aerogel? Invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931 A dry, opencelled foam[1] (amorphous) Formed from a gel A colloidal structure with solid continuous medium and gaseous dispersed phase Peter Tsou, Stardust PI, NASA Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Constituents Silica – same as glass, sand & silica gel SiO 2 Other Possibilities: Aluminium oxide Sulphur oxide Selenium oxide Carbon Agar (organic) Various transition metal oxides In theory anything that forms a gel Different aerogels have different properties Silica aerogel is most well-known & used Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Constituents Silica – same as glass, sand & silica gel SiO 2 Other Possibilities: Aluminium oxide Sulphur oxide Selenium oxide Carbon Agar (organic) Various transition metal oxides In theory anything that forms a gel Different aerogels have different properties Silica aerogel is most well-known & used Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Constituents Silica – same as glass, sand & silica gel SiO 2 Other Possibilities: Aluminium oxide Sulphur oxide Selenium oxide Carbon Agar (organic) Various transition metal oxides In theory anything that forms a gel Different aerogels have different properties Silica aerogel is most well-known & used Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Constituents Silica – same as glass, sand & silica gel SiO 2 Other Possibilities: Aluminium oxide Sulphur oxide Selenium oxide Carbon Agar (organic) Various transition metal oxides In theory anything that forms a gel Different aerogels have different properties Silica aerogel is most well-known & used Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Structure Micropores around µ m to n m scale Average particle size is 3 nm [4] “String of pearls” Image: [3] Image: [2] Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Density & Surface Area 95% to 99.8% porosity[1] Varies from 0 . 5 g cm − 3 to 1 . 1 × 10 − 3 g cm − 3 Lightest silica aerogel is least dense known substance Evacuated aerogel can be lighter than air Average surface area is 800 m 2 g − 1 – similar to ordinary silica gel Absorbs water very easily Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Thermal Conductivity Most insulating substance known In air: k = 0 . 016 W / (m · K) (Air is 0 . 025 ) Image: [8] Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Thermal Conductivity Most insulating substance known In air: k = 0 . 016 W / (m · K) (Air is 0 . 025 ) Image: [8] Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Thermal Conductivity Most insulating substance known In air: k = 0 . 016 W / (m · K) (Air is 0 . 025 ) Image: [8] Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Toughness & Strength Hardness is similar to glass Collapse occurs very gradually Rebound is eliminated High compression possible – possibly highest compressive strength to mass ratio[1] A typical silica aerogel can support 2000 times its own mass Image: [8] Young’s modulus E is 1 – 10 MPa Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Other Properties Silica aerogels are cloudy blue Can be made transparent in zero gravity Only as toxic as its ingredients Low speed of sound[4] c aerogel = 100 m s − 1 c air = 343 m s − 1 Highest known dielectric constant in a solid Edward Lilley Aerogel
Introduction Properties NASA Stardust Manufacture Summary Other Properties Silica aerogels are cloudy blue Can be made transparent in zero gravity Only as toxic as its ingredients Low speed of sound[4] c aerogel = 100 m s − 1 c air = 343 m s − 1 Highest known dielectric constant in a solid Edward Lilley Aerogel
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