Academic sources and referencing by Dr. Joram Ndlovu Main - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Academic sources and referencing by Dr. Joram Ndlovu

Main academic sources  Based on scholarly/ original/ primary research or experimentation that has been peer-reviewed  Peer reviewed publications (check reputation) • Journal articles • Books • Chapters in books • Conference proceedings  Research reports (establish organizational or author/ s bias)

Non-academic sources  Wikipedia and other websites  Blogs and social media sites  Newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, etc. Many of these sources may reference or cite academic sources – as a researcher you must search for the original academic source (LIMIT CITATIONS)

Differences between scholarly and non- scholarly sources Scholarly Non-scholarly Review Blind peer review following established No peer review process process academic protocols Authorship Clear statement of name and affiliation Author (person or of author (including credentials/ organization) may or mat expertise) not be stated Content/ Presentation of original research or More report or narrative subject ideas supported by evidence based presentation of opinions or anecdotes Language Specialized discipline-based General vocabulary used by terminology or concepts in a research the public that is more field which requires some level of easily understood subject specific knowledge Target group Researchers, university students, General public specialists/ expertise Referencing Mandatory (all quotes, ideas, facts, etc. Not required – very unusual from other sources must be referenced to include references in a manner that can be verified and conforms to academic referencing styles)

Exercise  Identify top 5 journals in your planned field of study  Name top 5 researchers/ authors in your field of study

Referencing  Citing sources in the text • Identify author’s surname and year of publication  Reference list (not a biography – include only sources you have cited in the text)  Different styles of referencing • Main referencing styles  APA  Harvard  Vancouver • Supervisor may have a preference • CONSISTENCY THROUGHOUT IS ESSENTIAL!

Citing sources in the text One author: Bob (2005)  Two authors: Bob and Gumede (2005)  More than two authors: Bob et al. (2005)  Context specific  Cowan et al. (2003) assert that after Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world. After Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world (Cowan et al., 2003). More than one citation should be listed alphabetically.  Cowan et al. (2003) and DEAT (1996) assert that after Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world. After Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world (Cowan et al., 2003; DEAT, 1996). If more than one citation of the same author is indicated, the sources should be  referred to in chronological order. Sternberg (1985; 1988; 1990) Internet sources: author details on website (website itself should be in  reference list) should be used as above. Policy documents – cite departments  DEAT (1996), DWAF (2001)

Direct quotes Use proper punctuation to integrate a quotation into a sentence.  NB: Open and closed quotes are always partners! If quoting directly from a source, as well as the author’s name  and date, you must include the page number, and include quotation marks around the quote if it is short. According to Rogerson (1993: 13), “food production in urban areas is a subsistence activity undertaken by the urban poor and represents a major source of their income”. Where there is a longer quote, it is better to indent the quoted  passage, without quotation marks. As Freeman (1984: 6) succinctly stated: To be an effective strategist you must deal with those groups that can affect you, while to be responsive (and effective in the long run) you must deal with those groups that you can affect.

Variation in citing sources in text  According to Bob (2005), …  As Bob (2005) states,…  Bob (2005) asserts, suggests, indicates, illustrates, shows, reveals, postulates…  Connectors Furthermore, Scott (2006) illustrates… This view is supported by Scott (2006)… Contrary to this position, Scott (2006) argues…

Reference list Journals  Anon., 1943: The roaring coastal winds, South African Panorama , 24 (7), 2-6. Deane, R., 1980: Trapped waves in the atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Research , 56, 1-23. Books  Parker, N.J., Ray, P ., Band, T., Luk, O. and Farr, R., n.d.: Mission Stations of the Eastern Cape , Bantam Press, New York. Chapters in books  Kirby, M.J., 1976: The problem of wind power, in Jones, A.B. (ed.), Estimating Techniques for Climatologists , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 123-129. Policy/ government documents  Department of Agriculture, 1995: White Paper on Agriculture, G overnment Printer, Pretoria. South Africa (Republic), 1976: Annual Report of the Department of Water Affairs , Government Printer, Pretoria. Conference proceedings  Drescher, A. W., 2001: The transferability of the German allotment system to the Southern African Situation. Proceedings of the Expert Meeting on Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture in Southern Africa , Stellenbosch, January 2001. Theses  Gumede, N.P ., 2006: Women and Technology in Marginalised Rural Communities in KZN, Ph.D. thesis, Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal. Newspaper articles  Salie, I. and Gophe, M., 2005: Field of dreams. Battle of the stadiums as Athlone gets R236m facelift. Weekend Argus : 1, October 22.

Internet sources Slack, T., 1998: Studying the commercialisation of sport: the need  for critical analysis. Sociology of Sport Online, 1. [ Accessed 10 July 2010] URL: http: / / www.brunel.ac.uk/ depts/ sps/ sosol/ html Matheson, V.A. and Baade, R.A., 2003: Mega-sporting events in  developing nations: Playing the way to prosperity? [ Accessed 13 November 2015] URL: http: / / www.williams.edu/ Economic/ neudc/ papers/ matheson Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2005: Farming in urban areas can boost food security: Green the cities through agriculture [ Accessed 1 March 2016] URL: http: / / www.fao.org