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Causal reference and inverse scope as mixed quotation Chung-chieh Shan, Rutgers University Theres treasure everywhere: a Calvin and Hobbes collection by Bill Watterson Mixing mention and use Pure/direct quotation Quine says quotation

  1. Causal reference and inverse scope as mixed quotation Chung-chieh Shan, Rutgers University There’s treasure everywhere: a Calvin and Hobbes collection by Bill Watterson

  2. Mixing mention and use Pure/direct quotation Quine says ‘ quotation has a certain anomalous feature. ’ Indirect quotation Quine says quotation has a certain anomalous feature. Mixed quotation Quine says quotation ‘ has a certain anomalous feature. ’ (Davidson 1979) 2

  3. Most speech is made of mixed quotes. ◮ Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions The essence of mixed quotation A sketch of a formalization Formal languages The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity 3

  4. Internalizing interpretation A mixed quote means what someone uses the quoted expression to mean (Geurts and Maier 2003). The journalist The president said he has an ‘ ecelectic ’ reading list. The politician I am sorry to have used an ‘ epithet ’ . 4

  5. Nested mixed quotes The journalist The politician said she is ‘ sorry to have used an ‘ epithet ’’ . Just like mixed-quoting any other form. 5

  6. Nested mixed quotes The journalist The politician said she is ‘ sorry to have used an ‘ epithet ’’ . The politician said she is sorry to have used an ‘‘ epithet ’’ . Just like mixed-quoting any other form. 5

  7. Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist The politician admitted that she ‘ lied [her] way into [her job] ’ . The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. 6

  8. Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist The politician admitted that she ‘ lied [her] way into [her job] ’ . The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. Mary John doesn’t know much French, but he thinks he does and tries to show it off whenever possible. At dinner, he ordered not ‘ [some dessert] à la mode ’ but ‘ à la mode [some dessert] ’ . John I would like some à la mode [apple pie] please. 6

  9. Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog ate ‘ odd things, when left to his own devices ’ . Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices. 7

  10. Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog ‘ [ate] odd things, when left to his own devices ’ . Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices. 7

  11. Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog ‘ [ate] odd things, when left to his own devices ’ . Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices. Not Mary Whereas under human supervision Fido ate odd things, when left to his own devices he would only eat Nutrapup. Constructions are meaningful non-constituents? 7

  12. Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she ‘ lied [her] way into [her job] ’ . The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. 8

  13. Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she ‘ lied [her] way into [her job] ’ . The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. The journalist: syntactic interjection The secret guide suggested that interested eaters ‘ kiss up to [name redacted], class of 2008, for a good meal ’ at the Ivy. The secret guide You should kiss up to John Doe, class of 2008, for a good meal if you are interested. 8

  14. Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she ! ¬ lied %[her] way into %[her job] ¬ . The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. The journalist: syntactic interjection ¬ The secret guide suggested that interested eaters ! kiss up to ~[name redacted], class of 2008, for a good meal ¬ at the Ivy. The secret guide You should kiss up to John Doe, class of 2008, for a good meal if you are interested. Use notation from multistage programming languages. 8

  15. Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions ◮ The essence of mixed quotation A sketch of a formalization Formal languages The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity 9

  16. A sketch of a formalization A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). For a mixed quote: ◮ The form is ◗❢ where ❢ is a form. For example, ◗❢① ✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ① ♥ ❂ ‘ � � ❢ ✭ [ � ① ✶ � ] ✮ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✭ [ � ① ♥ � ] ✮ ✁ � ’ in written English. ◮ The meaning is ✓❣✿ ① uses the form ❢ to mean ❣ with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. 10

  17. A sketch of a formalization A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). For a mixed quote: ◮ The form is ◗❢ where ❢ is a form. For example, ◗❢① ✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ① ♥ ❂ ‘ � � ❢ ✭ [ � ① ✶ � ] ✮ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✭ [ � ① ♥ � ] ✮ ✁ � ’ in written English. ◮ The meaning is ✓❣✿ ① uses the form ❢ to mean ❣ with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. 10

  18. A sketch of a formalization A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). For a mixed quote: ◮ The form is ◗❢ where ❢ is a form. For example, ◗❢① ✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ① ♥ ❂ ‘ � � ❢ ✭ [ � ① ✶ � ] ✮ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✭ [ � ① ♥ � ] ✮ ✁ � ’ in written English. ◮ The meaning is ✓❣✿ ① uses the form ❢ to mean ❣ with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. 10

  19. A sketch of a formalization A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). For a mixed quote: ◮ The form is ◗❢ where ❢ is a form. For example, ◗❢① ✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ① ♥ ❂ ‘ � � ❢ ✭ [ � ① ✶ � ] ✮ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✭ [ � ① ♥ � ] ✮ ✁ � ’ in written English. ◮ The meaning is ✓❣✿ ① uses the form ❢ to mean ❣ with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. 10

  20. Formal languages Code switching Alice said �✭✷✮ is negative. Paraphrase Alice said what mathematicians use �✭✷✮ to mean is negative. A mixed quote is an interpreted Gödel number. 11

  21. Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions The essence of mixed quotation A sketch of a formalization Formal languages ◮ The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity 12

  22. ✁ ♥ � ✶ ✰ ✶ ❡ ✐✙ ❡ ❂ ❧✐♠ � ✶ ♥ ♥ ✦✶ Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming ! ¬ ¬ ! ! ¬ …Aristotle… ¬ ¬ ¬ Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. 13

  23. Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming ! ¬ ¬ ! ! ¬ …Aristotle… ¬ ¬ ¬ Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions ✁ ♥ . The number ❡ ✐✙ is equal to � ✶ . � ✶ ✰ ✶ Let ❡ ❂ ❧✐♠ ♥ ♥ ✦✶ 13

  24. Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming ! ¬ ¬ ! ! ¬ …Aristotle… ¬ ¬ ¬ Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions ✁ ♥ . The number ❡ ✐✙ is equal to � ✶ . � ✶ ✰ ✶ Let ❡ ❂ ❧✐♠ ! ¬ ¬ ♥ ♥ ✦✶ 13

  25. Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming ! ¬ ¬ ! ! ¬ …Aristotle… ¬ ¬ ¬ Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions ✁ ♥ . The number ❡ ✐✙ is equal to � ✶ . � ✶ ✰ ✶ Let ❡ ❂ ❧✐♠ ¬ ! ¬ ♥ ♥ ✦✶ Non-coinages ! ¬ %[! ¬ Aristotle ¬ ] saw %[! ¬ %[! ¬ him ¬ ]’s sister ¬ ¬ ] 13

  26. Scope freedom in mixed quotes? Names take scope differently from ordinary mixed quotes (Michael Johnson, p.c.). 1. Quine might have said that quotation ‘ has a certain anomalous feature ’ . 2. It might have been the case that Aristotle was not named ‘ Aristotle ’ . 14

  27. Scope freedom in mixed quotes? Names take scope differently from ordinary mixed quotes (Michael Johnson, p.c.). 1. Quine might have said that quotation ‘ has a certain anomalous feature ’ . 2. It might have been the case that Aristotle was not named ‘ Aristotle ’ . Ordinary constructions allow wh-extraction and quantifying-in. 1. Who did ! ¬ %[! ¬ Aristotle ¬ ] see %[_] ¬ ? 2. ! ¬ %[! ¬ Aristotle ¬ ] saw %[nobody] ¬ 14

  28. ✿ ✭ ❡ ✦ ❡ ✵ ✦ t ✮ ✦ ✭ ❡ ✵ ✦ t ✮ ✿ ✭ ❡ ✵ ✦ ❡ ✦ t ✮ ✦ ✭ ❡ ✵ ✦ t ✮ Quantification Think of a quantifier as a meta-construction, as usual. Suppose construction abstraction is not freely available. everyone ✿ ✭ ❡ ✦ t ✮ ✦ t Everyone saw Mary. someone ✿ ✭ ❡ ✦ t ✮ ✦ t Mary saw someone. 15

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