Word order in the recent history of English: syntax and processing on the move Javier Pérez-Guerra (jperez@uvigo.es) Language Variation and Textual Categorisation Research Group University of Vigo UCREL Corpus Research Seminar (CRS) Lancaster University, 19 Jan 2017
Research group LVTC ( Language Variation and Textual Categorisation ): • diachronic variation (mainly, syntax): EModE>PDE • diatopic variation (Word Englishes) • diachronic text-type characterisation (speech- based/purposed vs written text types) • textual linguistics (Systemic Functional Grammar) • linguistic complexity: across time, L2 English • empirical (corpus-based/driven) approach
Today • Two pieces of research on the order of constituents in the clause (time permitting): • verb-object vs object-verb in the recent history of English: • People love British coffee. • *? People British coffee love. • complement-adjunct vs adjunct-complement in the history of English: • People love British coffee in the morning. • People love in the morning British coffee. 3
Verb-object vs object-verb in the recent history of English 4
Goal • OV [Object-Verb] in (the recent history of) English: The old men [ young girls ] obj married . (READE-1863,219.452) • Kayne (1994): • VO is the basic (underlying) word order in English. • OV surfaces as the result of leftward movement. • Light elements (pronouns and particles), and not full NPs, can undergo leftward movement. • So... OV is a marked configuration of the clause 5
Outline • Some history • Goal • Data • Analysis of the data • Conclusions 6
Some history Old English (OE) (Pintzuk 1991, Moerenhout and van der Wurff 2010): • Both OV and VO in OE (Fischer and van der Wurff 2006: 185: ‘OV with V2’ grammar). OV 1 : OvV: þe æfre on gefeohte his handa wolde afylan who ever in battle his hands would defile ‘whoever would defile his hands in battle’ ( Ælfric’s Lives of Saints 25.858; Pintzuk 1999: 102) OV 2 : vOV: He ne mæg his agne aberan he not can his own support ‘He cannot support his own’ ( CP 7.53.1; Moerenhout and van der Wurff 2005: 85) 7
Some history VO: Ælfric munuc gret ÆDelwærd ealdormann eadmodlice. Ælfric monk greets Æthelweard nobleman humbly ‘The monk Ælfric humbly greets the nobleman Aethelweard.’ ( ÆGenPref 1) • Fischer and van der Wurff (2006: 185): “OE verbs are usually in clause-final position”, so VO would be a “complication” (“a finite verb is moved to second position in main clauses”) • OV was frequent: with pronominal objects with ‘particles’ in subordinate clauses in main clauses with auxiliaries 8
Some history Early Middle English (EME) (Allen 2000, Kroch and Taylor 2000, Koopman 2005): • OV and VO: • Trips (2002): almost rigid VO • Fischer and van der Wurff (2006: 187): “steady decline” of OV • Moerenhout and van der Wurff (2000): OV is less frequent but it does not disappear • Kroch and Taylor (2000): • end-weight role: postverbal objects tend to be somewhat longer than preverbal objects => pronominal objects tend to be preverbal • quantified objects tend to be preverbal 9
Some history Late Middle English (LME) (van der Wurff 1997, Moerenhout and van der Wurff 2000, Ingham 2002): • OV and VO, the former limited in non-literary English exclusively to these patterns: • clauses with auxiliaries, ie. vOV (Ingham’s 2002 ‘embraciated’) • with negated/quantified objects: Ingham (2002): 90% of OV clauses have negated objects, so Neg movement of the object to SpecNegP (between Infl and VP), a type of movement which is no longer available in PDE (Ingham 2000: 34: Neg movement is a form of A’-movement and thus optional) • (coordinated clauses • nonfinite clauses) ./.. 10
Some history ../.. • van der Wurff and Foster (1997a): OV survived “much more tenaciously than suggested”; van der Wurff and Foster (1997b: 147): not merely a survival or an archaism but fulfilled an information-packaging given-new function – “OV in late ME prose is anti-triggered by new objects”. 11
Some history Early Modern English (EModE) (van der Wurff and Foster 1997, Fischer and van der Wurff 2006, Moerenhout and van der Wurff 2005: 187): • 1500–1550: “OV survives productively” (van der Wurff and Foster 1997a: 84): 0.37/1,000w • 1550–: • OV dwindles away outside poetry (Rissanen 1999: 267: “exceptional”) • van der Wurff and Foster (1997a): only 42% with pronominal objects, so... *given-new strategy (“the association between OV and pronominal objects seem to be lost in the course of time”, p.451) 12
Some history Present-Day English (PDE): • van der Wurff and Foster (1997b): OV is an archaism • Takizawa (2012): OV (only with make ): 79 examples in the Bank of English (520 mio words) 13
Goal • (initially:) OV in the recent history of English: EModE, LModE (and PDE) • data from larger balanced multi-genre corpora: • previous studies were based on genre-specific corpora (eg. letters) or on small corpora • importance of balance since the distribution of OV is very different across genres – eg. in prose and in poetry in 14th and 15th century English: Foster and van der Wurff (1995): ~1340: OV is 6 times more frequent in poetry ~1400: OV is 10 times more frequent in poetry ~1470: OV is 20 times more frequent in poetry • application of a widely accepted statistical model 21
Data • Corpora: • for Early Modern English (EModE; 1500-1710), the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English or PPCEME – 1,737,853 words from the Helsinki directories of the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, plus two supplements (Kroch et al. 2004) • for (Late) Modern English (LModE; 1700-1914), the Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English or PPCMBE – 948,895 words (Kroch et al. 2010) 22
Data node: IP* query: ((IP* idoms *SBJ) AND (IP* idoms *OB*|CP-THT|CP-QUE) AND (IP* idoms VA*|VB*|BA*|BE*|DA*|DO*|HA*|HV*) AND (*SBJ precedes VA*|VB*|BA*|BE*|DA*|DO*|HA*|HV*) AND (*SBJ precedes *OB*|CP-THT|CP-QUE) AND (*OB*|CP-THT|CP-QUE precedes VA*|VB*|BA*|BE*|DA*|DO*|HA*|HV*)) • CP-THT (eg. Craig (that) it was going to rain in Lancaster announced ), not bracketed as OB • CP-QUE (eg. Craig when it is going to rain asked ), not bracketed as OB • participles: BA (of be ), DA (of do ), HA (of have ), VA (of other verbs) • verbs other than participles: BE, DO, HV, VB 23
Data • OV frequencies examples words nf/1,000w EModE1 1500-1569 165 567,795 0.29 EModE2 1570-1639 60 628,463 0.10 EModE3 1640-1710 9 541,595 0.02 LModE1 1700-1769 2 298,764 0.01 LModE2 1770-1839 368,804 0.00 LModE3 1840-1914 1 281,327 0.00 26
Data • OV frequencies nf/1,000w source 1330-1380 1.44 [2] 1378-1400 0.71 [1] 1421-1442 0.57 [1] 1442-1479 0.30 [1] EModE1 0.29 EModE2 0.10 EModE3 0.02 LModE1 0.01 LModE2 0.00 LModE3 0.00 [1] Moerenhout and van der Wurff (2000), Paston Letters [2] Foster and van der Wurff (1995) 27
Data • OV frequencies 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 n.f./1,000w 28
Data So... (definitive goal:) focus on EModE . RQ: forces shaping OV in EModE • Determining the EModE database size: • examples of OV in PPCEME: 234 • examples of VO in PPCEME: 49,047 • examples VO+OV in PPCEME: 49,281 • R (The R Project for Statistical Computing, https://www. r-project.org): function ‘n.for.survey’ (library epiDisplay) to determine the min. database size: n.for.survey(p=.08, delta=.02, popsize=49281, alpha=0.05) Sample size = 697 (min.) 29
Analysis of the data • Determining the (initial) variables: • textual: • object length • category of object • genre • semantic, discourse-related: • linguistic: • quantified objects • patterns • negated objects • co-occurrence with auxiliaries • discontinuity • particles • finiteness • main/subordinate clause • (c/)overt subject • subject length 30
Analysis of the data Genre (based on Culpeper and Kytö 2010): writ writing-based/purposed/like educ-treatise history law science-medicine science-other travelogue biography-auto biography-other fiction handbook-other speech speech-based/purposed/related diary-priv drama-comedy letters-non-priv letters-priv proceeding-trials sermon phil philosophy 31
Analysis of the data VO patterns • SVO: • SVO : but the Trinity keep you . (APLUMPT-E1-H,185.85) • SvVO : when he was building that admirable worke of his tombe (ARMIN-E2- H,46.410) • SVXO : He had no sooner the liberty of his tongue , but that he curst and swore like a diuel: (DELONEY-E2-P2,51.297 ) • SvVXO : but by her cheeks you might find guilty Gilbert (ARMIN-E2-P2,39.298) • SvXVO : the middle letter doth alwayes signifie the Angle propounded , (BLUNDEV-E2-P2,57V.18) • SvXvVO : that I shoulde thus haue refused the oth . (MORELET2-E1-H,506.44) • SvXVXO : And if any one shall throughly weigh in his Mind the Force and Energy of the one and of the other, (BOETHPR-E3-H,191.376) 32
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