ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR THE EUROPEAN REFINING INDUSTRY Validation of whole effluent bioassays for assessment of hydrocarbon ecotoxicity Review of findings from Concawe/ Total artificial streams research project (2007 to 2014) Kevin Cailleaud, Total
Soil, Water and Waste Legislative Environment STF 32 input U-WWTD IED E-PRTR may be required Urban Waste Water Industrial Emission Pollutants Release Treatment Directive Directive and Transfer Register Chemical analysis and monitoring of water status Directive Environmental Marine Strategy Waste Quality Standards Framework Incineration Directive Directive Directive Pollution by substances Directive(2006/11EC) Council Decision Waste on Framework Biodiversity Directive Water Framework Directive Birds Directive REACH Substances Directive Groundwater Thematic Environmental Protection Soil Habitat Liability Directive Strategy Directive Directive Assessment of Sewage Sludge Flood Risks Application Directive Directive Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 2 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
2013 WSWMG workshop: STF-32 issue matrix TREND I N EXTERNAL EQS ACTI VI TY High Thematic strategy on IINCREASING IPPC/IED waste REACH STABLE Thematic strategy on Severity of impact on refineries/ retail QA/QC Directive soil DECLINING Water FD Ground water Dir WSWMG RI SK MANAGEMENT Med Marine strategy FD RISK RESPONSES CLP regulation ACCEPTABLE Sewage sludge FD RISK RESPONSES Environmental NEED Waste FD Liability Directive IMPROVEMENT Biodiversity Water scarcity and RISK RESPONSES NEED MAJOR droughts Climate change IMPROVEMENT Flood protection New Waste Incineration directive; Low Drinking water Quality; Bathing water Quality; Shellfish & Freshwater fish Landfilling of Waste; Shipment of Waste: Ability to influence High Low Medium Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 3 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Current and Future Legislative Drivers for Assessment of Ecological Effects REACH WFD I ED Objective: Human health Objectives: Good chemical Objective: Control and and environmental risk and ecological status of reduce the impact of assessment of chemicals surface water bodies. industrial emission on the environment Robust, validated whole Data is required to support effluent assessment (WEA) REACH dossier risk I ED implementation: methods are required for assessments performed I mpact assessment/ when in- situ monitoring of using PETROTOX/ prediction tools for effluent effluent effects is not PETRORI SK. E.g. from discharges (WEA/ WET, possible bioassays and target Lipid PBS) model (direct link with potentially bioaccumulative substance PBS): data required to avoid application of overly conservative Safety factors Marine Strategy Framework Directive – ecological focus Future Habitats Directive – water based ecological issues Definition and costing of Ecosystem Services Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 4 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Background to Streams Study WEA can provide a clear indication of the combined effects of all the constituents present in what are often poorly characterized and complex effluents. Such assessments can be difficult or impossible to obtain from analyses of data for individual effluent constituents. However, this should not be taken to imply that WEA techniques are simple to apply in all cases: Case studies presented in Concawe report 1-12 (Assessment of refinery effluents and receiving waters using biologically-based effect methods) show that the use of biological methods for assessment of refinery effluent and receiving waters ecotoxicity may be complicated by the following factors: Timescale over which effects develop vs temporal variation in effluent/ receiving water quality Difficulty in associating observed ecological effects to substances, or groups of substances If the WEA methods used are inappropriate or incorrectly applied there is a high probability of drawing incorrect conclusions and this can lead to, for example, reputational issues with regulators or demands for unjustified risk reduction The streams study research is designed to address the above issues, so that WEA techniques may be applied with greater confidence to refinery effluents Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 5 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Core Deliverables of Streams Research Project CONCAWE stream study: WFD Phase I to I V WEA as alternative methodology for in situ monitoring I nteraction with Concawe PP-MG Impact assessment/ Robustness, reliability, Prediction tools for prediction tools for REACH conservatism vs complex substances/products I ED effluents: ecosystems: risk assessment: WEA methods • PETROTOX • PBS analysis How to deal with safety • PETRORISK • PETROTOX? factors? Ecological issues? CONCAWE stream study : Phase I V Realistic exposure systems, such as stream mesocosms useful for validation Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 6 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Project Timeline: Phase I to I V Phase 1: Preliminary experiments 2009 I s it possible to store effluent, and is it possible I n Laboratory to upscale? Phase 2: Feasability study 2010-2011 Develop facility to ship effluent from refinery to Stream mesocosms facility and deploy in streams. Perform dose- response test Phase 3: WEA 2011-2012 Understand whether effects in WEA bioasssays Stream mesocosms under or overestimate those in stream mesocosms Phase 4: WEA Assess degree of conservatism required in safety factors applied to WEA data 2014-2015 Stream mesocosms Use output of phase 4 to support models used in REACH chemical safety assessments Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 7 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
CONCAWE stream study Phase 1: Effluent storage and preservation trials Storage at Storage at room Storage room temperature + at 4°C temperature Stirring With headspace Bioassays With no headspace + Bioassays light With no headspace and Bioassays YES YES YES no light Following extensive laboratory testing, it was determined that the best storage method for phase 2 was the use of flexible tanks made of plastomer-coated materials with no light or headspace. This ensured that the effluent was of consistent compositional quality Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 8 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Phase 2: Feasibility assessment of testing effluents in outdoor stream mesocosms TOTAL stream mesocosms (Lacq) Nursery Gave de Pau River Artificial streams Aquatic plants Dynamic system: continuous water flow Open system: the water flows from the Gave de Pau continuously Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 9 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Phase 2: Development of flexible tanks made of plastomer-coated materials One effluent stored in all flexible tanks (volumes 8, 10, 20 m 3 ) 3 control streams 3 dilutions tested (dosing for 21 days) Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 10 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Phase 2: Experimental design Flexible tank 20m (15) Control (14) not Used (13) Effluent (dilution factor (1/556) Flexible tank 10 m 3 (code PF) (12) Effluent (Dilution factor 1/1569) (11) Effluent (dilution factor (1/206) Flexible tank 20 m 3 (code PE) (10) Control (9) Effluent (Dilution factor 1/1569) Flexible tank 8 m 3 (code PD) (8) Effluent (Dilution factor 1/1569) (7) Effluent (dilution factor (1/206) Flexible tank 20 m 3 (code PC) (6) Control (5) Effluent (dilution factor (1/556) Flexible tank 15 m 3 (code PB) (4) Effluent (dilution factor (1/556) (3) not used Flexible tank 20 m 3 (code PA) (2) Effluent (dilution factor (1/206) (1) not Used Low High dilution dilution Reproduction permitted factor factor with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 11 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
Phase 2: Bioassays and Chemical Analysis Biological analysis in the streams Physical and chemical analysis in the flexible tanks to confirm input flux: • BOD 5 and COD • SPME (Potentially Bioaccumulative substances: PBS) • Metals Bacteria Diatoms Physical and chemical analysis in the streams to confirm water quality and effluent dose: • pH, O2, conductivity • BOD 5 and COD Benthic invertebrates • Metals Exposure assessment Ecological impact assessment Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Validation of whole effluent bioassays 12 Kevin Cailleaud- Total
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