Understanding the impacts of recent, large-scale solid fuel - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Understanding the impacts of recent, large-scale solid fuel interventions on ambient air quality Luke A. Conibear a* , Dominick V. Spracklen b , Stephen R. Arnold b , Amanda R. Lea-Langton a a School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK b School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK * Corresponding author, email: pmlac@leeds.ac.uk

Solid Fuel Use (SFU) • Wood, coal, charcoal, varied biomass, crop residues, animal dung Traditionally used in poor-quality cookstoves • Same number of people using solid fuels today as 25 years ago (2.8 billion) in • spite of considerable development occurring since Development alone isn’t fixing the problem • (Bonjour et al., 2013)

Incomplete combustion • Highly polluting – CO, PM, PAH, HC, C, benzene, formaldehyde, etc. – Toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, etc. High concentrations • – ∼ 5,000 µg/m 3 PM during cooking – ∼ 500 µg/m 3 average kitchen 24hr PM 2.5 – 50x the WHO Air Quality Guidelines 10 – 35 µg/m 3 High exposures • – Vulnerable people (women and children) – Several hours, many times a day (Balakrishnan et al., 2013; Bonjour et al., 2013; K. R. Smith, 2013, 2011; World Health Organization, 2014)

Health impacts • One of the top risk factors globally for ill-health SFU leads to household air pollution (HAP) and ambient air pollution (AAP) • Exposure to HAP due to SFU • 3.9 million premature deaths and 119 million lost healthy life years (DALYs) • Exposure to AAP due to SFU • • 337,000 premature deaths and 9.9 million DALYs Acute lower Chronic Obstructive respiratory Pulmonary Disease infection Interstitial lung Pneumonia disease Low birth weight Cancer ( lung and others) Still birth Blindness (cataracts) Cognitive impairment Burns and the health and Heart disease safety of fuel gathering (Chafe et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2012; Kirk R Smith, 2015, 2014, 2011, 2006; Kirk R Smith et al., 2014)

What has been done? “Improved” cookstoves • Hundreds of interventions globally since 1950 Deforestation – Air pollution – Methods • Making the available clean • • Making the clean available Regional diffusion • Over the next decade, very large interventions are being planned • Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves goal of 100 million stoves by 2020 • UN Sustainable Energy for All with the goal of ensuring universal access to • modern energy services by 2030 (LPG, biogas, advanced biomass) How are they impacting air pollution? • (Gifford, 2010; Kirk R Smith et al., 2014)

PhD Quantifying the air quality impacts of solid fuel cookstove interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) Satellite data Synthesise solid-fuel interventions Modelling

Synthesise data on solid fuel interventions Recent: 2000 – 2012 • 29 interventions found with above 100,000 stoves distributed • • Mean size = 660,000, Median size = 340,000 Fuel mostly varied biomass / wood • Interventions mostly solid fuel to solid fuel with improved cookstove • (K. R. Smith and Sagar, 2014)

Changes in SFU

Intervention penetration

Statistical analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD) AOD Ctl Δ AOD Int Time Control Cookstove Intervention characteristics • Intervention Seasonal • Regional • (Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) et al., 2011)

Model daily atmospheric aerosol optical data • High spatial resolution 10x10km Very high ambient PM • Stove stacking • • Some health benefits only realised with large reductions Difficult to achieve with many • current improved cookstoves using solid fuel (Burnett et al., 2014, K. R. Smith, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2006; K. R. Smith et al., 2014, K. R. Smith and Sagar, 2014)

Summary • Many recent large-scale solid fuel interventions to combat the significant health burden from air pollution Most focused on making the • available local biomass clean through improved cookstoves Clean fuel alternatives of gas • and electricity are often too expensive • Through this analysis can understand whether they have made a difference for the worlds poorest? Thank you

Bibliography Balakrishnan, K., Ghosh, S., Ganguli, B., Sambandam, S., Bruce, N., Barnes, D.F., Smith, K.R., 2013. State and national household concentrations of PM2.5 from solid cookfuel use: results from measurements and modeling in India for estimation of the global burden of disease. Environ. Heal. 12, 77. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-12-77 Bonjour, S., Adair-Rohani, H., Wolf, J., Bruce, N.G., Mehta, S., Pruss-Usten, A., Lahiff, M., Rehfuess, E.A., Mishra, V., Smith, K.R., 2013a. Solid Fuel Use for Household Cooking: Country and Regional Estimates for 1980 – 2010. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 784 – 790. Burnett, R.T., Arden Pope, C., Ezzati, M., Olives, C., Lim, S.S., Mehta, S., Shin, H.H., Singh, G., Hubbell, B., Brauer, M., Ross Anderson, H., Smith, K.R., Balmes, J.R., Bruce, N.G., Kan, H., Laden, F., Prüss-Ustün, A., Turner, M.C., Gapstur, S.M., Diver, W.R., Cohen, A., 2014. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 397 – 403. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307049 Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), The World Bank, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2011. Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Population Density Grid [WWW Document]. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4R20Z93 Chafe, Z.A., Brauer, M., Klimont, Z., Dingenen, R. Van, Mehta, S., Rao, S., 2014. Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2.5 Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 1314 – 1320. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206340 Gifford, M.L., 2010a. A Global Review of Improved Cookstove Programs. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2011. Igniting Change: A Strategy for Universal Adoption of Clean Cookstoves and Fuels. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2014. CLEAN COOKSTOVES AND FUELS: A Catalog of Carbon Offset Projects and Advisory Service Providers. Lim, S.S. et al., 2012. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2224 – 60. doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(12)61766-8 Smith, K.R., 2006. Rural Air Pollution: A Major But Often Ignored Development Concern, in: United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development Thematic Session on Integrated Approaches to Addressing Air Pollution and Atmospheric Problems. Smith, K.R., 2011. Cookfires, Climate, and Health: The Unfinished Agenda of Incomplete Combustion. Smith, K.R., Bruce, N., Balakrishnan, K., Adair-Rohani, H., Balmes, J., Chafe, Z., Dherani, M., Hosgood, H.D., Mehta, S., Pope, D., Rehfuess, E., 2014. Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35, 185 – 206. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182356 Smith, K.R., 2013. One million premature deaths from cooking fuels in India: How estimated and what does it mean?, in: First VPCI Honour Lecture, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi. University of California, Berkeley, p. 47. Smith, K.R., 2014. In praise of power. Science 345, 603. doi:10.1126/science.1259026 Smith, K.R., Sagar, A., 2014. Making the clean available: Escaping India’s Chulha Trap. Energy Policy 75, 410 – 414. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.024 Smith, K.R., 2015. Changing paradigms in clean cooking. Ecohealth 12, 196 – 9. doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1020-9 World Bank Group, 2015. World DataBank [WWW Document]. Database World Dev. Indic. Sustain. Energy All. URL http://databank.worldbank.org/ World Health Organization, 2014. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion.

Additional: Changes in SFU

Additional: Household contribution to ambient PM Δ AOD compares to ambient fine particle matter APM 2.5 (orange) • Energy interventions effects compares to a fraction of household contribution to ambient • fine particulate matter PM 2.5cook (blue) East Asia • PM 2.5cook • decreased from 23% in 1990 (11µg/m3) to 10% in 2010 (7.3µg/m3) South Asia • PM 2.5cook • increased from 15% in 1990 (4.4µg/m3) to 26% in 2010 (8.6µg/m3) (Chafe et al., 2014)

Additional: Household contribution to ambient PM Δ AOD compares to ambient fine particle matter APM 2.5 (orange) • Energy interventions effects compares to a fraction of household contribution to ambient • fine particulate matter PM 2.5cook (blue) Southern, • Eastern, Western and Central • PM 2.5cook has more than doubled in proportion from 1990 to 2010 (Chafe et al., 2014)