Typical crop responses to polyhalite in various agro-climatic - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Typical crop responses to polyhalite in various agro-climatic regions: a global view 不同 农业 气候区典型作物 对杂卤 石的响 应 : 全球 视 野 Hillel Magen , International Potash Institute, Switzerland Hillel Magen , 国 际钾 肥研究所 ‚ 瑞士 11/23/2017

Content • Introduction • Solubility • Residual response • Response to K • Results update • Conclusions Friedrich edrich Strome omeye yer 1776-1835 The mineral polyhalite was first discovered by Friedrich Stromeyer in Salzburg, Austria in 1818. 11/23/2017

Introduction 11/23/2017

Polyhalite mineral K 2 Ca 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 4 • 2(H 2 O) Mg Mg Polyhalite (dihydrate) is a S single complex crystal with two molecules of water of Mg crystallization. K S S K Mg • Mohs scale 3.5 Ca Mg (gypsum=3) • Bulk density = 1.5 mt/m 3 O Ca 11/23/2017

Barbarick, 1991 Dry matter yields of sorghum- sudangrass for polyhalite and Polyhalite other sulphate fertilizers SOP 5 Source: Barbarick, K.A. (1991). Polyhalite application to sorghum-sudangrass and leaching in soil columns. Soil Science. 151(2), 159-166.

Barbarick, 1991 Total K uptake by sorghum- sudangrass Polyhalite for polyhalite and other SOP sulphate fertilizers 6 Source: Barbarick, K.A. (1991). Polyhalite application to sorghum-sudangrass and leaching in soil columns. Soil Science. 151(2), 159-166.

Tr Treatments atments – th the ty typical ical set t fo for comparison parison Source: Barbarick, K.A. (1991). Polyhalite application to sorghum-sudangrass and leaching in soil columns. Soil Science. 151(2), 159-166.

Why Polyhalite performs better?

Solubility

Solubility of K from Polyhalite , KCl and SOP 120 KCl Granular Polyhalite granular 100 SOP % K dissolved 80 granular 60 50% Extended availability 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Days ICLSF lab R&D Netherlands, 2016 10

Sand column test: solubility of S from Polyhalite Extended availability Granular grades ICL-University of Nottingham, UK report, 2016

Polysulphate solubility comparing to other salts at the same nutrient concentration - Mg MgO – maximum concentration 150 ppm Source: ICL/TAMI report, 12/2015

Polysulphate solubility comparing to other salts at the same nutrient concentration - Ca 600 500 400 Cao (ppm) Granular 300 Standard 200 CAN Granular 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (h) Source: ICL/TAMI report, 12/2015

Effect of polyhalite on rice seedlings (2013, Brazil) Eqwiv Eqwiv Eqwiv Eqwiv 0 NP GPoly1 GPoly2 SPoly1 0 NP GPoly1 GPoly2 SPoly1 11/23/2017 Source: ICL report, 12/2013

Effect of polyhalite on rice seedlings (2013, Brazil) Eqwiv Eqwiv Eqwiv Eqwiv 0 NP GPoly1 GPoly2 SPoly1 0 NP GPoly1 GPoly2 SPoly1 11/23/2017 Source: ICL report, 12/2013

Residual response

Residual Effect: 1 st crop, all fertilizers applied Polyhalite effect on the 1 st crop (soybean) Poly effect Poly effect + 19.9% + 10.5% K 2 O effect + 36% Same K application IPI-EMBRAPA project. Presented as a Poster presented at the Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. October 2017

Residual Effect of: 2 nd crop, no Polyhalite Polyhalite residual effect on 2 nd crop (maize) residual effect + 6% Applied only to previous crop IPI-EMBRAPA project. Presented as a Poster presented at the Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. October 2017

Residual effect in wheat N+P N+P+Poly 500 N+P+Poly 1500 N+P+Soluble 1500 100 80 Total DM (%) 60 40 1 st wheat crop 2 nd wheat crop 20 0 Fertilizer applied 2nd crop: No polysulphate applied 1 st application - with 30% leaching 2 nd application - with 10% leaching CFPN project. Paper presented at the IPNC Copenhagen, 8-2017. In press.

Residual effect in wheat; N+P+TE added in both cycles. Polyhalite only in 1 st cycle N+P N+P+Poly 500 N+P+Poly 1500 N+P+Soluble 1500 100 80 Relative DM (%) 60 40 1 st wheat crop 2 nd wheat crop 20 0 Fertilizer applied 2nd crop: No polysulphate applied 1 st application - with 30% leaching 2 nd application - with 10% leaching Each data point is the average of 4 replicates; in pots CFPN project. Paper presented at the IPNC Copenhagen, 8-2017. In press.

Response to K 11/23/2017

Comparing Polyhalite and KCl in alfalfa fertilization in Brazil Control KCl+gypsum Polysulphate IPI-EMBRAPA: Poster presented at the Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. October 2017

Comparing Polyhalite and KCl in alfalfa fertilization in Brazil Better DM production with Polyhalite 100 Better response to K with Polyhalite Dry matter yield (g/pot) 80 R2 = 0.788 60 R2 = 0.598 40 R2 = 0.495 KCl KCl+gypsum 20 Polysulphate 0 0 50 100 150 200 K dose (kg K2O/ha) Each data point is the average of 5 replicates; in pots IPI-EMBRAPA project; Poster presented at the Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. October 2017

Results update 11/23/2017

Polyhalite experiments around the world CROPS Alfalfa Mustard Barley Oil palm Bitter gourd Onion Black pepper Pastures Broccoli Peas Cabbage Pineapple Canola Potato Carrot Rice Cauliflower Ryegrass Cherry Sesame Chrysanthemum Soybean Coffee Strawberry Cotton Sugar beet Durian Sugarcane Grapes Sunflower Grasses Tea Groundnut Watermelon Maize Wheat Melon Yam 11/23/2017

Turkey Antalya (IPI-Ege University project) Cabbage total yield 12000 Total yield a ab 10000 bc c 8000 Yield (kg/ha) d 6000 4000 2000 0 K=0 LSD=419 K = 60 kg K2O/ha

Turkey Antalya (IPI-Ege University project) Cabbage % nutrients in marketable crop %S %K 6 1 ab a a b 0.8 b b 4 b bc c c 0.6 2 0.4 0.2 0 0 %Mg 0.25 %Ca 0.2 1.5 ab a b b ab bc 0.15 bc c 1 c c 0.1 0.5 0.05 0 0 Control KCl K2SO4 Polyhalite K2SO4 + Control KCl K2SO4 Polyhalite K2SO4 + Polyhalite Polyhalite K=0 K=0

Turkey Antalya (IPI-Ege University project) Onion total yield 10000 a ab b 9000 c 8000 7000 d Yield (kg/ha) 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 K=0 LSD=419 K = 60 kg K2O/ha

Turkey Antalya (IPI-Ege University project) Onion quality 9.5 a TSS (%) Vit C (mg/100 gr) 9 ab 8.5 abc a 8 a bc ab b c 7.5 c 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 Control KCl K2SO4 Polyhalite K2SO4 + Polyhalite K=0 K = 60 kg K2O/ha

Polysulphate Salt Index • Salt Index is an important Material and analysis Salt Index(*) characteristic of a fertilizer KCl 116.2 KNO 3 69.5 • Salt index is a measure of the K 2 SO 4 42.6 salt concentration that fertilizer MgSO 4 44 induces in the soil solution CaSO 4 8.1 • Polysulphate 12 The higher the osmotic potential of a solution - the Per equal weight of material more difficult it is for seeds or plants to extract soil water required for growth ICL/TAMI report, 5/2015 11/23/2017

Conclusions • By providing 4 nutrients (3 secondary), a much better ‘ Balanced Fertilization ’ is achieved • Polyhalite availability to plants is similar to equivalent other fertilizers, but it provides extended availability for plant’s growth • Due to its unique solubility, leaching losses of K, Mg, S and Ca are less and hence residual effect is achieved. • Polyhalite is suitable and safe for a wide range of crops – Crops with high S requirements – With Cl sensitivity – For open field and green house – Affecting also produce quality 11/23/2017

Thank you h.magen@ipipotash.org 11/23/2017