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A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : Structural Organization F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN classifications ARCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS geometry F ALL 2018 line-forming surface-forming lecture two stiffness rigid flexible

  1. A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : Structural Organization F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN • classifications ARCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS – geometry F ALL 2018 • line-forming • surface-forming lecture two – stiffness • rigid • flexible – one-way or two-way structural systems, • spatial organization and load transfer – materials planning and design AISC teaching aids: Courtesy of John Hooper, MKA Seattle Systems & Planning 1 Architectural Structures F2009abn Systems 2 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Structural Components Bearing Walls • bearing walls • columns • beams • flat plates • trusses • arches • shells • cables Systems 3 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 4 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 1

  2. Bearing Walls Columns & Walls • behavior as “ deep beams ” Systems 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 6 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Beams & Plates Beams & Plates Systems 7 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 8 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 2

  3. Trusses and Shells Arches and Cables Systems 9 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 10 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Building Framing Building Framing • Components or Assemblages Systems 11 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 12 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 3

  4. System Selection System Selection • evaluation of alternatives Systems 13 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 14 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Structural Design Criteria Structural Design Sequences • first-order design • components stay together – structural type and organization • structure acts as whole to be stable – design intent – resist sliding – contextual or programmatic – resist overturning • second-order – resist twisting and distortion – structural strategies • internal stability – material choice – structural systems – interconnectedness • third-order • strength & stiffness – member shaping & sizing Systems 16 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 15 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 4

  5. Systems by Materials Timber Construction • all-wood framing systems • Wood – studs, beams, floor • Steel diaphragms, shearwalls • Concrete – glulam arches & frames • Masonry – post & beams – trusses • Composite • composite construction – masonry shear walls – concrete – steel Systems 17 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 18 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Timber Construction Timber Construction • studs, beams • glulam arches & frames – manufactured or custom shapes • floor diaphragms & shear walls – glue laminated – bigger members Systems 19 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 20 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 5

  6. Timber Construction Timber Construction • post & beam • composite construction • trusses Systems 21 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 22 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Steel Steel Construction • cast iron – wrought iron - steel • standard rolled shapes • cables • open web joists • columns • plate girders • beams • decking • trusses • frames http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems 23 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 24 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 6

  7. Steel Construction Steel Construction • welding • fire proofing • bolts – cementicious spray – encasement in gypsum – intumescent – expands with heat – sprinkler system Systems 25 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 26 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Concrete Concrete Construction • columns • cast-in-place • beams • tilt-up • slabs • prestressing • domes • post-tensioning • footings Systems 27 Foundations Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden F2008abn Systems 28 Foundations Structures http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 7

  8. Concrete Floor Systems Concrete Floor Systems • types & spanning direction Systems 29 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 30 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Masonry Grids and Patterns • columns • often adopted early in design • walls – give order – cellular, ex. • lintels • vertical and horizontal • beams • square and rectangular • arches – single-cell • footings – aggregated bays Systems 31 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems & Planning 32 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 8

  9. Grids and Patterns Systems • total of components • behavior of whole • classifications – one-way – two-way – tubes – braced – unbraced Systems & Planning 33 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 34 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 One-Way Systems Two-Way Systems • horizontal vs. vertical • spanning system less obvious • horizontal – plates – slabs – space frames • vertical – columns – walls Systems & Planning 35 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 36 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 9

  10. Two-Way Systems Roof Shapes • coincide • within Systems & Planning 37 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 38 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Tubes & Cores Span Lengths • stiffness • crucial in selection of system • maximum spans on charts aren’t absolute limits, but usual maximums • increase L, increase depth 2 required (ex. cantilever) • deflections depend on L Systems & Planning 39 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 40 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 10

  11. Approximate Depths Loading Type and Structure Type • light uniform loads – surface forming elements – those that pick up first load dictate spacing of other elements • heavy concentrated loads – member design unique • distributed vs. concentrated structural strategies – large beam vs. many smaller ones Systems & Planning 41 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 42 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Design Issues Design Issues • lateral stability – all directions • configuration Systems & Planning 43 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 44 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 11

  12. Design Issues Design Issues • vertical load resistance • lateral load resistance walls columns Systems & Planning 45 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 46 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Design Issues Design Issues • lateral load resistance • multi-story – cores, tubes, braced frames Systems & Planning 47 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 48 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 12

  13. Design Issues Foundation Influence • multi-story • type may dictate fit – avoid discontinuities – piles vs. mats vs. spread • vertically – capacity of soil to sustain • horizontally loads • high capacity – smaller area of bearing needing and can spread out • low capacity – multiple contacts and big distribution areas Systems & Planning 49 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 50 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Grid Dependency on Floor Height Large Spaces • wide grid = deep beams • ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms – increased building height • choices – heavier – separate two systems – foundation design completely and connect along edges • codes and zoning – embed in finer grid may limit – staggered truss • utilize depth for mechanical Systems & Planning 51 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 52 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 13

  14. Meeting of Grids Meeting of Grids • common to use more than one grid • horizontal choices • intersection important structurally • can use different structural materials – need to understand their properties • mechanical • thermal Systems & Planning 53 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 54 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Meeting of Grids Other Conditions • vertical choices • circulation • building service systems – one-way systems have space for parallel runs – trusses allow for transverse penetration – pass beneath or interstitial floors • for complex or extensive services or flexibility Systems & Planning 55 Foundations Structures F2009abn Systems & Planning 56 Foundations Structures F2009abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 14

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