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TUNL Results and update from the ABRACADABRA search for sub-eV axion dark matter And Future Plans Reyco Henning University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19

  1. TUNL Results and update from the ABRACADABRA search for sub-µeV axion dark matter And Future Plans Reyco Henning University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 1

  2. Axion as “Light” DM Arvanitaki Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 2

  3. QCD Axion Properties f a : PQ Symmetry Breaking Scale Relationship Model-dependent Rev.Mod.Phys. 82 (2010) 557 • Pseudoscalar, two photon cou π 0 • Cosmic relic density: Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 3

  4. QCD Axion Properties f a : PQ Symmetry Breaking Scale Relationship Model-dependent Rev.Mod.Phys. 82 (2010) 557 • Pseudoscalar, two photon cou π 0 • Cosmic relic density: Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 4

  5. Context 10 − 4 Beam dump | g a γ | (GeV − 1 ) 10 − 5 10 − 6 Laboratory SN1987A 10 − 7 10 − 8 Sun 10 − 9 Helioscopes BBN HB 10 − 10 10 − 11 x ion Telescopes γ − rays 10 − 12 KSVZ 10 − 13 Haloscopes CMB EBL 10 − 14 10 − 15 10 − 16 X rays 10 − 17 10 − 18 10 − 11 10 − 9 10 − 7 10 − 5 10 − 3 10 − 1 10 3 10 5 10 7 10 9 10 m a (eV) 1801.08127 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 5

  6. Context 10 − 4 Beam dump | g a γ | (GeV − 1 ) 10 − 5 10 − 6 Laboratory SN1987A 10 − 7 10 − 8 Sun 10 − 9 Helioscopes BBN HB 10 − 10 10 − 11 x ion Telescopes γ − rays 10 − 12 KSVZ 10 − 13 Haloscopes CMB EBL 10 − 14 10 − 15 Post-inflation 10 − 16 X rays ADMX, HAYSTAC, CAPP, MADMAX,… 10 − 17 10 − 18 10 − 11 10 − 9 10 − 7 10 − 5 10 − 3 10 − 1 10 3 10 5 10 7 10 9 10 m a (eV) 1801.08127 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 6

  7. Context 10 − 4 Beam dump | g a γ | (GeV − 1 ) 10 − 5 10 − 6 Laboratory SN1987A 10 − 7 10 − 8 Sun 10 − 9 Helioscopes BBN HB 10 − 10 10 − 11 x ion Telescopes γ − rays 10 − 12 KSVZ 10 − 13 Haloscopes CMB EBL 10 − 14 10 − 15 Pre-inflation ABRA, DMRadio, SLIC, 10 − 16 X rays CASPEr, … 10 − 17 1Hz - 300 MHz 10 − 18 10 − 11 10 − 9 10 − 7 10 − 5 10 − 3 10 − 1 10 3 10 5 10 7 10 9 10 m a (eV) 1801.08127 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 7

  8. Context 10 − 4 Beam dump | g a γ | (GeV − 1 ) 10 − 5 10 − 6 Laboratory SN1987A 10 − 7 10 − 8 Sun 10 − 9 Helioscopes BBN HB 10 − 10 10 − 11 x ion Telescopes γ − rays 10 − 12 KSVZ 10 − 13 Haloscopes CMB EBL 10 − 14 10 − 15 10 − 16 X rays 10 − 17 GUT 10 − 18 Scale 10 − 11 10 − 9 10 − 7 10 − 5 10 − 3 10 − 1 10 3 10 5 10 7 10 9 10 m a (eV) 1801.08127 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 8

  9. Microwave Cavities Cosmic relic axions (Dark Matter) with masses ~ • microwave energies Resonant conversion of axion in high-Q cavity in magnetic • PRL 51(1983) 1415 field ADMX Current state of the art. HAYSTAC, CAPP, others • coming online Carosi, G. , et al, Contemporary Physics, 49: 4, 281 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 9

  10. Alternative: Lumped Element Tuned LC Circuit: Cabrera, Thomas, 2010 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 10

  11. Alternative: Lumped Element Tuned LC Circuit: Cabrera, Thomas, 2010 Solenoidal Magnet: PRL 112 (2014) 131301; PRD 97 (2019) 072011; 1911.05722 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 11

  12. Alternative: Lumped Element Tuned LC Circuit: Cabrera, Thomas, 2010 Solenoidal Magnet: PRL 112 (2014) 131301; PRD 97 (2019) 072011; 1911.05722 DM Radio Dark Photon Detection: PRD 92 (2015) 075012 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 12

  13. Alternative: Lumped Element Tuned LC Circuit: Cabrera, Thomas, 2010 Solenoidal Magnet: PRL 112 (2014) 131301; PRD 97 (2019) 072011; 1911.05722 DM Radio Dark Photon Detection: PRD 92 (2015) 075012 Toroidal Magnet: ABRACADABRA : PRL 117 (2016) 141801 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 13

  14. A Search for Low-Mass Axion Dark Matter “A Broadband or Resonant Approach to Cosmic Axion Detection with an Amplifying B -field Ring Apparatus” PRL 117 (2016) 141801 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 14

  15. ABRA Concept Treat ultralight axion DM as coherent field √ 2 ρ DM a ( t ) = sin( m a t ) m a Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 15

  16. ABRA Concept Treat ultralight axion DM as coherent field √ 2 ρ DM a ( t ) = sin( m a t ) m a Generic axion modifies Ampere’s Law: r ⇥ B = ∂ E ∂ t � g a γγ ( E ⇥ r a � B ∂ a ∂ t ) Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 16

  17. ABRA Concept Treat ultralight axion DM as coherent field √ 2 ρ DM a ( t ) = sin( m a t ) m a Generic axion modifies Ampere’s Law: r ⇥ B = ∂ E ∂ t � g a γγ ( E ⇥ r a � B ∂ a ∂ t ) Magnetoquasistatic E = 0 , DM v ~10 -3 limit Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 17

  18. ABRA Concept Zero DC Field Treat ultralight axion DM as coherent field √ 2 ρ DM a ( t ) = sin( m a t ) m a J eff Generic axion modifies Ampere’s Law: r ⇥ B = ∂ E ∂ t � g a γγ ( E ⇥ r a � B ∂ a ∂ t ) Yields axion-induced effective current: p J e ff = g aγγ 2 ρ DM cos( m a t ) B 0 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 18

  19. ABRA Concept Induced B-field Treat ultralight axion DM as coherent field √ 2 ρ DM a ( t ) = sin( m a t ) m a J eff Generic axion modifies Ampere’s Law: r ⇥ B = ∂ E ∂ t � g a γγ ( E ⇥ r a � B ∂ a ∂ t ) Yields axion-induced effective current: p J e ff = g aγγ 2 ρ DM cos( m a t ) B 0 Induces oscillating magnetic field in torus Measure induced field using pickup loop DC B-field free Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 19

  20. Dissecting ABRACADABRA-10 cm G10 Support structure Superconducting tin coated copper shield (nylon bolts) 12cm Copper Thermalization Bands Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 20

  21. Assembling ABRACADABRA-10 cm Pickup Loop Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 21

  22. ABRA-10cm Mounted Kevlar Support 150 mK 700 mK 700 mK Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 22

  23. Axion Limits Broadband Data-taking in summer • ABRACADABRA-10 cm 2018. No resonator. Preliminary No 5 σ excesses that were not vetoed • by Magnet off or digitizer data Published results: PRD 99 (2019) • 052012; PRL 122 (2019) 121802 Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 23

  24. ABRACADABRA-10 cm Run 1 Limits To appear in PDG 2019 (courtesy G. Rybka) Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 24

  25. ABRACADABRA-10 cm Run 1 Limits Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 25

  26. ABRACADABRA-10 cm Run 1 Limits Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 26

  27. ABRACADABRA-10 cm Run 1 Limits Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 27

  28. Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 28

  29. Future Plans Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 29

  30. Leading up to a Cubic Meter Experiment • ABRA-10cm: Running at MIT. • DMRadio-Pathfinder (Vector DM): Running at Stanford. • DMRadio-50L: Under Construction at Stanford. • DMRadio-m 3 R&D Consortium recently funded by DOE HEP Dark Matter Small Initiatives Program for ~$1M. • Includes ABRA PIs (Henning and Winslow). • 2 years. • Goal: Develop 30% Design, focused on magnet. • Develop Full Proposal for 1m 3 experiment. • Organizational kickoff meeting at MIT last month. Developing plan for merger by Summer 2020. Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 30

  31. DM Radio Cubic Meter Consortium Funded as part of DOE New Initiatives in Dark Matter program R&D Phase Consortium Leadership: Project manager for R&D phase: Dale Li Name Institution Role / Team Lead Kent Irwin SLAC and Stanford Consortium PI Karl van Bibber UC Berkeley Magnet Lindley Winslow MIT Magnetic shielding, vibration Saptarshi Chaudhuri Princeton Control system, scan Peter Graham Stanford Theory Reyco Henning UNC Chapel Hill Calibration and DAQ Dale Li SLAC Cryomechanical Hsiao-Mei Cho SLAC SQUID Wes Craddock SLAC Lead Engineer Nadine Kurita SLAC Project Management Plan Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 31

  32. DM Radio Cubic Meter Science Goals Cubic Meter Experiment • 1 m 3 Detection Volume • 20 mK Temperature • 4 Tesla Magnetic Field • 5 MHz – 200 MHz • dc SQUID with 20 × quantum limit • 3 years of live scan time • Quantum Acceleration would enable QCD sensitivity at lower mass Reyco Henning CPAD, Madison, WI. 12/8/19 ABRACADABRA-10cm 32

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