TUMOR MARKERS o Tumor index substances released from the tumor - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TUMOR MARKERS

o Tumor index substances – released from the tumor cells, which could be detected in blood and indicate the presence of tumor in the body o Used for the follow-up of cancer and to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy o Diagnosis of cancer o Prognostic use o Localization

CLINICALLY IMPORTANT TUMOR MARKERS: 1. AFP (alpha fetoprotein): � Molecular weight = 70,000 Daltons � It is a fetal albumin � Increased values are seen in the circulation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors, teratocarcinoma of ovary and in pregnancy with fetal malformations of neural tube

2. CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA): � Its level is markedly increased in colorectal cancers 3. PROSTATIC SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA): � Produced by secretary epithelium of prostatic gland � It is normally secreted in to seminal fluid, where it is necessary for the liquifaction of seminal coagulum � Increased PSA level is seen in prostate cancer

4. BETA CHAIN OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN: � It is synthesised by normal syncytiotrophoblasts (cells of placental villi) � The hCG has alpha and beta subunits � Increased levels are seen in choriocarcinoma and germ cell tumors

TUMOR MARKERS NAME SERUM LEVELS INCREASED IN Oncofetal Products: Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) Hepatoma, germ cell cancers Carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) Colorectal, gastrointestinal & lung cancer Carbohydrate Antigens: CA - 125 Ovarian cancer of epithelial origin Tissue Antigens: Tissue polypeptide antigen General cancer Tissue catabolic product: Hydroxy proline Bone metastasis Serum Proteins: Immunoglobulins (Ig) Multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia Bence-Jones Proeins (in urine) Multiple myeloma

NAME SERUM LEVELS INCREASED IN Enzymes: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Bone cancers 1. Placental ALP (Regan) Lung, seminoma 2. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) Prostate cancer 3. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) Prostate cancer 4. Neuron specific enolase Tumors of nervous system 5. Hormones: Beta – hCG Choriocarcinoma 1. Calcitonin Medullary thyroid carcinoma 2.

ONCOGENES: � Genes capable of causing cancer � The oncogenes present in normal cells are also called as proto-oncogenes � Proto-oncogenes are located on specific chromosomes � Products of many oncogenes are polypeptide growth factors, e.g., sis gene produces platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) � Some products act as receptor for epithelial growth factor

1. Erb – B: o Located in chromosome no 7 o The gene is carried by erythroblastosis virus in chicken o Its product is receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) o Subcellular localization: Membrane 2. Erb – A: o Located in chromosome no 17 o The gene is carried by erythroblastosis virus in chicken o Transforming growth factor receptor (TGF-R) o Subcellular localization: Nucleus

src: � Located in the chromosome no 20 � carried by rous sarcoma in chicken � Oncogene product: Tyrosine kinase � Subcellular localization: Membrane sis: � Located in chromosome no 22 � Carried by simian sarcoma virus in monkey � Oncogene product: Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) � Subcellular localization: Membrane

ras: � Located in the chromosome no 12 � Carried by rat sarcoma � Oncogene product: GTPase � Subcellular Localization: Cytoplasm

TUMOR MARKERS o Tumor index substances released from the tumor - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TUMOR MARKERS o Tumor index substances released from the tumor cells, which could be detected in blood and indicate the presence of tumor in the body o Used for the follow-up of cancer and to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy o

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