Tourism, Water and the Business of Responsible Tourism 12th - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Tourism, Water and the Business of Responsible Tourism 12th International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations, Jyväskylä, Finland C. Michael Hall michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz https://canterbury- nz.academia.edu/CMichaelHall

Shifts in water use between regions as a result of tourism (Gössling 2005)

Estimate of tourism sector water use in major destination countries (Gössling et al. 2015: 43)

Water flow in a destination: Blue, green, grey and black water flows (Gössling et al. 2015: 44)

Water consumption embodied in tourism (Gössling et al. 2015: 47)

How much? • Most studies of water use in tourism have summarised water use in accommodation on the basis of litres (L) per tourist per day • Where direct water use has been measured, a very large range in consumption has been identified, varying between 84 and 2425 L per tourist per day, including water use in rooms, for gardens and pool irrigation • systemic reviews of summer destinations and hotel chains such as Scandic or Hilton have consistently reported direct mean water use values exceeding 300 L/guest night. • Based on available evidence, average global direct water consumption values are estimated at approx. 350 L/day. • But estimated average of 6,575 L of water per day for direct and indirect water use in tourism

Where? • there is a general lack of disaggregated end-use water data for hotels, including specific water use for gardens, pools, rooms, laundry, food preparation (kitchens) and other purposes. • This situation is further complicated by different studies collecting data on different dimensions of water use.

Breakdown of water consumption in US lodging facilities (Gössling et al. 2015: 51)

When • Variance in water consumption on a daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal basis, and during the day: – Sundays and Mondays high water consumption days, Tuesdays and Wednesdays low consumption days (US Study). – Usage reasonably stable, with less than 18% variance from day to day. In contrast, on a monthly basis water usage was at its lowest in December and highest in August. Depending on the location and the type of hotel, water use fluctuated between a minimum of 23% of average daily use and a maximum of 224% of average daily use (US) – The greatest variance for water and hot water consumption (and consequent energy demands) occurs as a result of demand for morning and evening showers and baths in which peak demand may be just under six times the average daily water flow – Peaks in demand vary with the nature of the property and its clientele, i.e. time-constrained business travellers versus vacation tourists. – From a supply perspective, peak demand for water for showers, baths and washing (morning and night) also coincides with demands for hot water for hotel kitchens.

Issues of Seasonality – Example of tourist arrivals and rainfall in Rhodes, Greece (Gössling et al. 2015: 36)

Globally averaged water footprint, litres per guest night (Gössling et al. 2015: 83)

Total water embodied in 1kg of produce, approximate values (Gössling et al. 2015 based on Mekonnen & Hoekstra 2011a, 2011b)

The interrelationships between water and energy (Gössling et al. 2015: 23)

Overview of the water flows in the water system of a conventional hotel property. Note the importance of the inputs of energy into the heating and cooling of the system (Gössling et al. 2015: 130).

Maximising water-energy systems (Gössling et al. 2015: 131)

Amount of energy required to provide 1m 3 of safe drinking water

Toilets and tourism • A significant public health issue, but focus often moves to one of “user pays” • Response to problems of “freedom camping” A vital element in economic development • as well as in catering to older tourism markets (picture near Corner Brook, Newfoundland)

Issues in riverine and lacustrine systems • Eutrophication • Introduced species • Fishing & hunting • Water flow and drawdown • Water quality • Plastics, microplastics and other pollutants such as hormones and artificial hormones • Aesthetics

Total renewable water resources, 2012 (m 3 per capita per year) (Gössling et al. 2015: 29)

Future water stress in major tourism regions (Gössling et al. 2015: 149)

Figure Efficiency and sufficiency in sustainable tourism development Same or increased personal travel demand. ‘Business as usual’. No fundamental change in PRODUCER BEHAVIOUR destination choice or consumption choices: ‘Green Growth’ / ‘Green ECO-EFFICIENCY PRODUCTION Economy’ Continued run More productive use of materials down of natural capital if Efficiency and energy. only policy approach SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / DRIVERS EXTERNAL INTERNAL STEADY-STATE Increased product life spans Regulation; Cost of Value change; FOR TOURISM Changed consumer behaviour energy; System Ethical & social CHANGE Restructure, Redistribute Restructure socio-technical system change; Polluter responsibilities pays Reduction in personal demand and distance travelled; resuse and SLOW / SUSTAINABLE recycle. Fundamental change in demand to CONSUMPTION Sufficiency emphasise ‘local’ Changed consumption patterns CONSUMPTION destinations, short supply leading to reduced throughput of chains and reduce resource products and services and less consumption and distance CONSUMER energy. travelled: ‘ Reorientation’ / BEHAVIOUR ’Degrowth’ Recessionary if implemented in isolation from other measures. Source: After Hall 2009

Relativities of scale in analysing tourism (After Hall 2004 in Hall & Lew 2009)

The influence of levels of temporal and spatial resolution on assessing mobility related phenomenon (Hall 2004) 100 years global climate and pedo-geomorphological demographic environmental change change change community socio-cultural 10 years change lifecourse ecological change Land & water use 1 years change annual tourism statistics seasonality 0.1 month overnight vacations week 0.01 day 0.001 daytripping 0.0001 1m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000km

The problem of scale in tourism decision-making How do we connect the various levels of activity to ensure sustainability?

Time, Space and Capabilities to Change Structure Socio-technical structures Social practices Institutions & Temporal Scale governance The “responsible” responses ? Individual of organisations and businesses & individuals are important but Agency organisations they are not by themselves sufficient to generate Individuals positive change at a global scale Spatial Scale

How do we think of sustainable tourism? THE ENVIRONMENT / NATURAL CAPITAL It’s the environment / natural resources / ecological capital stupid! The system is “bounded ” (i.e. we only have one finite planet)

A reallocation of natural capital from nature’s economy to human economy in the process of generating economic growth? (and social change and welfare?) Do efficiency improvements mean that we reduce the level of natural resource consumption and the level of environmental impact? No – not by themselves K Natural capital allocated to wildlife / environment GDP Natural capital allocated to human / tourism economy and society. Everything in the previous model of ‘balanced’ sustainable tourism fits in here TIME Source: Adapted from Hall, 2010

Source: Hall, C.M., Gössling, S. & Scott, D. (2015). The evolution of sustainable development and sustainable tourism. In Hall, C.M., Gössling, S. & Scott, D. (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability , Abingdon: Routledge. P.29

And if your interested… • Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., & Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and water. Bristol: Channel View Publications. • Hardback: 9781845414993 • Ebook: 9781845415013 • http://www.multilingual- matters.com/ebooks.asp?/& bid=9781845415013