Time-Modulation of Two-Body Weak Decays with Massive Neutrinos P. Kienle P. Kienle Excellence Cluster “ Universe ” Technische Universit ä t M ü nchen Excellence Cluster “ Universe ” Technische Universit ä t M ü nchen “Sunshine by Cooling” P. Kienle, Naturwissenschaften 88 (2001) 313 EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Time-Dependence of 2-Body EC - and ß b - Decays with Mono-Energetic Neutrinos and Anti-Neutrinos observed in a Storage Ring Yu.A.Litvinov et al . Phys.Rev. Lett. 99 M.Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992)2164 (2007) 262501 − EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Production & Separation of H-like Nuclei 400MeV/u bunched 140 Pr 58+ , 142 Pm 60+ , 122 I 52+ H- like ions In-Flight separation of projectile fragments 0.5 μ s bunched 500 MeV/u 152 Sm beam on a 1 Cocktail of isotopic beams g/cm² Be target Mono-isotopic beam ->degrader (dE/dx~ Z²) followed by magnetic analysis, injection delay ~ 0.5 µ s Bare 90%; H 10%; He 0.3% EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
The Experimental Storage Ring ESR since 1990 at GSI Darmstadt, C = 108m, B ρ = 10 Tm, vacuum 10 -11 mb EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Stochastic and Electron Cooling in the ESR Electron Cooler long. Kicker transv. Pick-up Combiner- Station transv. Kicker long. Pick-up ESR storage ring Fast stochastic pre-cooling @ E= 400 MeV/u of few fragments followed by precision electron cooling EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
"Phase Transition" to String Order J.P. Schiffer, P. Kienle Could there be an Ordered Condensed State in Beams of Fully Stripped Heavy Ions? Z. Phys. A321 (1985) 181 Γ = (Z²e²/d)/kT ∼ 1 Order parameter ∆ v/v → 0; signal/ noise high M. Steck et al., PRL 77 (1996) 3803 EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Time Resolved Schottky Mass Spectroscopy for EC and ß b Decays ∆ q= 0 for EC, ß b decay ∆ f ∼ - ∆ m =Q EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Single I on, Time-Resolved EC-Decay Mass Spectroscopy t= 0 injection time 1.. Observation of single ion ~6s cooling time 2. Parent/daughter correlation 3. Detection of all EC decays 4. Delay between „decay“ and "appearance" cooling which affects t measurement Electron neutrino ν e is created at time t -> quantum-entangled with the daughter nucleus , revealing the mass-properties of ν e EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
EC-Modulation Spectra of 140 Pr, 142 Pm, 122 I Yu.A. Litvinov et al., Physics Letters B 664 (2008) 162 λ EC (t) = ( 1+a EC cos( ω EC t+ φ ) T=7.06(8)s T=7.10(22)s a=0.18(3) a=0.22(3) ∆ E ∼ 10 -15 eV ∆ E ∼ 10 -15 eV T=6.13(3) s a=0.16(2) ∼ M m 122 I N. Winkler et al GSI Report 2009 EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Time Spectrum of the ß + Branch of 142 Pm a( ω ) a( ω =0.9 s -1 ) =0.03(3) Time following the injection in the ESR t in s Modulation amplitude a( ω ) with ω in s -1 The ß+ branch of 142 Pm, three times stronger than the EC branch and simultaneously observed with a modulation frequency ω = 0.90 s-1 and an amplitude a = 0.18(5), shows a vanishing small modulation amplitude a = 0.03(3) EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Towards Understanding of the Time- Modulation of the EC Decay • The two-body EC branches of 140 Pr, 142 Pm and 122 I ( prel. ) show modulation in contrast to the dominant 3-body ß + decay branch of 142 Pm ( prel. ) • This excludes various experimental sources and quantum beats of the mother state (Giunti, Lindner et al .) • It is direct evidence that the modulation originates from the weak transition to the two-body final state. From detection of daughter → mass properties of the entangled neutrino ( Ivanov et al, PRL 101, 18250 (2008) ) • 1/A-scaling of beat frequency ω of daughter ions reflects their recoil energy difference produced by neutrinos with masses m 1 and m 2 EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Neutrino Quantum Beat Analogy | ν 1 〉⊂ m 1 ; | ν 2 〉⊂ m 2 ≈ From energy and momentum conservation in both decay channels | ν 1>, | ν 2> EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Time Differential Observation of the decay Criterion for Neutrino Quantum Beats ≈ Asymptotic observation: 2 Lorentz lines θ 12 = 45 ° Time differential observation of daughter with time resolution τ d ↔ decay width Γ introduces energy uncertainty δ E d in the observation of |d>. For δ E d >> E 2 -E 1 , the two decay paths are indistinguishable → interference EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
The transition amplitude of the EC decay m → d + ν e is given by the sum of the amplitudes A (m → d + ν j ) (t), with the mixing coefficient U ej taking into account that only electron neutrinos ν e contribute to the transition amplitude. Assuming θ 13 ~ 0 with only two neutrino mass Eigen-states. U e1 = cos θ 12 , and U e2 = sin θ 12 In time dependent perturbation theory the partial amplitude A (m → d + ν j ) (t), is defined in the rest frame of the mother ion m by EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Incoherent and Coherent Contributions to the Transition Rates EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Wave Functions of Daughter Ions in the Time Differential Observation EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Time Modulated EC Decay Rate in Moving Laboratory Frame ( γ = 1.43) EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Experimental Values of ∆ m² EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
New KamLAND Results PRL 100, 221803 (2008) → EC Difference to EC neutrino ∆ m²(KL)=0.759(21)x10-4 eV² ∆ m²(EC)=2.9x ∆ m²(KamLAND) Small amplitude problem ?!? EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Neutrino Mass from Darmstadt Oscillations A.N. Ivanov, E.L. Kryshen, M. Pitschmann and P.Kienle arXiv: 0804 1311 (nucl-th) Vacuum polarisation by L-W loop 140 Ce, Z=58 δ m 2 (r) δ m 1 (r) Similar mass corrections expected for antineutrinos from fission products but opposite sign (mass increase) EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Cancellation of the Interference Terms in using Orthogonal Neutrino Flavour Wave Functions (A. Gal, arXiv:0809.1213v4 [nucl-th] In case that the neutrinos are not observed all flavours α = e, μ , τ contribute to the decay amplitude Interference terms cancel due to unitarity of mixing matrix: EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Small or Large Modulation Amplitudes? • The observed modulation amplitudes are a = 018 ± 0.03( 140 Pr); a = 0.22 ± 0.03( 142 Pm), a = 0.16 ± 0.02( 122 I) ( prel.) and thus equal within errors. • < a >= 0.19 ± 0.02 . With a = sin 2 θ a small mixing angle θ = 5.5 o compared with θ ~ 34 o from sun neutrinos is resulting • Reduction of the modulation amplitude? • Loss of phase relation by F=3/2->1/2 transition? • Measurement of He-like systems is essential • Partial restoration of the interference term by CP violating Majorana phases or sterile neutrinos EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Experiments for Solving the Problems • Decay of He-like 142 Pm 59+ for testing the influence of the F=3/2 hyperfine state → experiment performed • ß + decay of H/He-like 142 Pm with an improvement of limit of the modulation amplitude a → experiment performed • Search for ν 1 →ν 3 modulation with ω 13 ~ 10x ω 12 and a 13 ~ 0.1xa 12 using improved time resolution • Measure B -field dependence of the modulation period for magnetic moment of neutrino search (Gal). Preliminary data of 122 I taken at 3% different B -field show no change of ω , only A-dependence. − • Compare EC- and ß b - modulation of 108 Ag ( ν , ν ) for CPT test; branching ratios of ~ (2-3)% !!! EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Use of Resonance Pick up improves S/N by factor 100 and ∆ t= 32 ms 142 59+ 142 59+ Nd Pm New resonator cavity (2010) 124 th harmonic the same decay: improvement by a factor of about 100 and ∆ t = 32ms 142 59+ Pm 142 59+ Old Schottky Nd pickup (1992) 30 th harmonic EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Cooling of a Daughter Ion with Reduced Recoil Energy 32 ms / channel t ↑ daughter decay mother daughter mother Time (32ms / channel) → Frequency (31.25 Hz /channel) → EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Cooling of a Daughter Ion with Enhanced Recoil Energy t ↑ daughter mother daughter mother Time → Frequency → EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Two EC Decaying Mothers EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
Conclusion • We have developed an efficient, new method for the study of neutrino masses using quantum entanglement in two body weak decays, thus avoiding the inefficient direct detection of the neutrinos. The interfering recoil ions show the neutrino mass difference . • Time modulation of EC decays of H- like ions of 140 Pr, 142 Pm and 122 I (preliminary) were observed as neutrino quantum beats in the ESR storage ring, and no modulation of the ß + branch of 142 Pm (preliminary). • Yet in standard weak interaction theory with massive neutrinos and unitary flavour mixing matrix , the interference terms from different flavours cance l and no modulation is expected. Thus the appearance of the modulation is direct evidence for a non-unitary flavour mixing matrix → new physics. EURORIB 10, June 7, 2010 P. Kienle
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