Third generation To sum up Cobalti and Schizzerotto (1994), - PDF document

First and second generation of mobility studies in Italy Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy • Chessa (1912), La trasmissione ereditaria delle for Men and Women 1985-2008 professioni : Italian men and their fathers listed in the Who’s who , and 12k students of the German University • Livi (1950), Sur la mésure de la mobilité sociale : Cinzia Meraviglia, University of Eastern Piedmont (IT) 636 men, test of a new measure of social mobility Harry B.G. Ganzeboom, Free University Amsterdam (NL) • Lopreato (1965), Social mobility in Italy: 1568 RC28 Spring meeting Beijing, May 14-16 2009 (1338) male family heads Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 2 1985-2008 Third generation To sum up • Cobalti and Schizzerotto (1994), • Previous research.. La mobilità sociale in Italia : – .. is mostly on men – 5016 female and male respondents, mother’s – .. is (almost) exclusively on fathers occupation was included – .. is on two datasets (1985-1997). – family background according to the dominance • Our ambitions approach – Men and women – mothers do not make much of a difference, – Fathers and mothers (‘Full Origin’) since the father is almost always the dominant parent – Many datasets Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 3 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 4 1985-2008 1985-2008 Meraviglia & Ganzeboom, 2008 (1) Meraviglia & Ganzeboom, 2008 (2) • Father’s direct effect: • Data: 1985-2006, N=11513 – Significantly smaller for women • Full origin status attainment model estimated with – Strongly down over time for men and women OLS regression • Mother’s direct effect: • Dominance/Joint model versus Individual Model – Small in the beginning, but a little larger for women • Individual (Gender Role) Model came out best. – Significantly up over time, for men and women • Education: – Strong – No change over time Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 5 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 6 1985-2008 1985-2008

Present study Main conclusions • Fifteen data sources (1985-2008) • Mothers matter, and for women just as much as fathers. • Only individual model • Mothers matter more for indirect effects (via • But separately for women and men education) than fathers. • Discrete variables: FEGP, MEGP, EDCAT, EGP • Immobility effects occur also with respect to • (Regression analysis) mothers, for men, but in particular for women. • Loglinear analysis • Effects of both fathers and mothers decline, but at • (Conditional logit analysis) different locations in the model. Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 7 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 8 1985-2008 1985-2008 Table 1. Fifteen studies on intergenerational social mobility in Italy Year Title Occupation source code Data – Replicated cases 1985 National Survey on Social Mobility 93 categories of the Italian scale of (Barbagli et al. 1985) occupational stratification 1997, 1999, Longitudinal Survey on Italian ISCO88 codes 2001 Households (Schizzerotto 1997) • Replicated cases for panel continuations: 1993, 1995 Bank of Italy [Panel] Survey on Italian 8 occupational categories, sector of • 1997 ILFI data: 1999 – 2001 - 2003 1998, 2000 Households' Income and Wealth activity, position in employment (self 2002, 2004 employed/dependent worker) • 1993 BI data: 1995-1998-2000-2002-2004 2003, 2006 European Social Survey round 1 & 2 ISCO88 codes • We account for replicated cases by 2005 National Barometer Respondent: ISCO88 codes; Father weighting the data down to original N (University of Turin) (Ricolfi 2005) and mother: 13 occupational categories, sector of activity, position in employment (self employed/dependent worker) 2005 Prestige survey (Meraviglia et al. 2005) ISCO88 codes 2008 ISSP 2008 module on Religiosity ISCO88 codes (Meraviglia and Accornero 2008) Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 9 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 10 1985-2008 1985-2008 Full Origin Mobility Full Origin Status Attainment Father’s Father’s Occupation Occupation b 1 b 1 c 1 Respondent’s Respondent’s d a a Education Occupation Occupation c 2 b 2 b 2 Mother’s Mother’s Occupation Occupation Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 11 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 12 1985-2008 1985-2008

Full origin data Status attainment data Research Questions (1) Research Questions (2) • Relative strength of effects of fathers and mothers? • Status attainment data will answer questions – Is father’s occupation more important than mother’s occupation? about: • Different trends in effects of fathers and mothers? – Total effects (not controlling education) – Is effect mother’s occupation increasing? Does this make up for – Direct effects (controlling education) trend toward more mobility? • Gender-role modelling? – Indirect effects (via education) – Are father’s effects stronger for men and mother’s effects stronger • However, this is easy to calculate in a regression for women? framework (total = direct + indirect), but not in a • Historical changes in gender-role model? loglinear framework. – Are mother’s and father’s effects becoming more similar? Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 13 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 14 1985-2008 1985-2008 Loglinear analysis Data Research Questions (3) • Log-linear framework allows for separation • 15 studies (1985-2008) with full origin of (direct or total) origin-destination effects measurement. into: • Analysis restricted to cases with complete – (Diagonal) Immobility information (FOCC, MOCC, OCC, EDUC). – (Off-diagonal) [scaled] Association • N(men) = 6312, N(women) = 5158. • In full-origin data we have two sets of • Time is categorized in 4 intervals with parameters for each type of effect. similar N: 1985-1993, 1994-1998, 1999- • Only total and direct effects. 2001, 2002-2008. Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 15 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 16 1985-2008 1985-2008 Education Father’s occupations 100% 100% 90% Higher_cont 90% 80% Lower_cont 80% lower-higher tertiary 70% Clerical 70% higher secondary 60% 60% Sales 50% lower secondary 50% Self_emp 40% complete primary 40% Skilled 30% incomplete primary 30% Unskilled 20% 20% Farm_lab 10% 10% Farm 0% 0% 1985-1993 1994-1998 1999-2001 2002-2008 1985-1993 1994-1998 1999-2001 2002-2008 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 17 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 18 1985-2008 1985-2008

Men’s occupations Mother’s occupations 100% 100% Higher_cont Higher_cont Lower_cont Lower_cont 80% 80% Clerical Clerical Sales 60% Sales 60% Self_emp Self_emp 40% Skilled 40% Skilled Unskilled Unskilled 20% 20% Farm_lab Farm_lab Farm Farm 0% 0% 1985-1993 1994-1998 1999-2001 2002-2008 1985-1993 1994-1998 1999-2001 2002-2008 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 19 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 20 1985-2008 1985-2008 Goodman-Hauser RC-II model Women’s occupations ϑ = ϕ µ − µ ν − ν ln ( )( ) + + i 1 i j 1 j 100% Higher_cont • Scaled association: 90% Lower_cont 80% – Scalings for the categories, constrained to be equal in FM, FR and MR Clerical 70% sub-tables, pooled over time and gender. Sales 60% – Association coefficient (scaled log odds ratio); estimated on Z- 50% Self_emp standardized distances between classes. 40% Skilled 30% • Diagonal overrepresentation accounted for by separate Unskilled 20% Farm_lab immobility coefficients, DIA k and INH. 10% Farm • Scalings are estimated in l EM, but implemented in SPSS 0% 1985-1993 1994-1998 1999-2001 2002-2008 GENLOG as fixed values. Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 21 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 22 1985-2008 1985-2008 Scaling parameters (homogeneous across Time and equal for Fa/Mo/Resp) Farm_Lab Farm Skilled Sales Clerical Low_Contr Unskilled Self_emp High_Contr Before controlling education.. Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 23 Full Origin Social Mobility in Italy, 24 1985-2008 1985-2008