The Kalina power plant in Husavik - why Kalina and what has been - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Kalina power plant in Husavik - why Kalina and what has been learned Electricity generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems 14.-16. September in Strasbourg Professor Dr Páll Valdimarsson UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Geothermal Dual Usage • Electricity Generation • Hot Water for Space Heating and: – Horticulture – Health and Fitness – Industrial – Thermophilic enzymes – Fish Farming – Tourist Attractions UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Primary energy consumption in Iceland 1940-2003 150 Relative consumption 140 3 % 100% 130 Coal 80% 120 23 % Oil 60% 110 100 40% PJ Geothermal Coal 90 20% Peat Hydropower 80 Oil 0% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 70 56 % 60 50 Primary energy consumption 138.2 PJ 40 Geothermal 30 20 18 % 10 Hydropower 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

The cycles • Flash – Bjarnarflag (backpressure), Nesjavellir • Double flash – Krafla, Svartsengi • ORC – Svartsengi • Kalina – Husavik UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Table A.3 Geothermal power plants: by number of units for each type of plant. FIash- Country Dry Steam 1-Flash 2-Flash 3-Flash Binary Binary Hybrid Total USA 27 3 28 1 117 10 1 187 Philippines 0 36 10 0 6 5 0 57 Mexico 0 29 5 0 3 0 0 37 Italy 31 1 0 0 1 0 0 33 New Zealand 1 2 9 4 3 14 0 33 Japan 1 16 3 0 2 0 0 22 Iceland 0 7 2 0 8 0 0 17 Indonesia 3 12 0 0 0 0 0 15 China 0 2 10 0 1 0 0 13 Guatemala 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 8 Kenya 0 5 0 0 1 2 0 8 Russia 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Costa Rica 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 6 El Salvador 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 5 Azores 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 5 Nicaragua 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 Austria 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Guadaloupe 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Turkey 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Australia 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Germany 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Papua 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Thailand 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Total 63 135 70 5 155 38 1 467 Percent of total 13,5% 28,9% 15,0% 1,1% 33,2% 8,1% 0,2% 100,0% From DiPippo UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Degrees of freedom • A binary power plant has around 25-30 design parameters for the thermal design • The power plant design has to be optimized for each application • The performance criteria have to be carefully selected UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Efficiency and geothermal power • Fixed mass flow • Efficiency and effectiveness • Efficiency alone is not a quality measure UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Efficiencies • Total efficiency • Power plant thermal efficiency • Effectiveness – Income is proportional to produced net power – Little cooling of the geothermal fluid means high power plant efficiency and low cooling efficiency – ... High power plant efficiency can result in low income!!! UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

T h,1 = 120 [° C] W rev = 5742 [kW] m h = 150 [kg/s] η th,rev = 22,72 [%] η η η Q in = 25271 [kW] T h,2 = 80 [° C] Q out = 19529 [kW] T c,2 = 20 [° C] T c,1 = 10 [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

T h,1 = 120 [° C] W rev = 9105 [kW] m h = 150 [kg/s] η th,rev = 18,09 [%] η η η Q in = 50340 [kW] T h,2 = 40 [° C] Q out = 41235 [kW] T c,2 = 20 [° C] T c,1 = 10 [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Exergy flow UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 C] C] Temperature [° Temperature [° 80 80 70 70 60 60 Water Water Kalina Kalina 50 50 ORC ORC 40 40 30 30 20 20 0 0 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 1000 1000 1200 1200 Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

The cycles again...SF UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ORC UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Kalina UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Regeneration • Serves to increase power if geothermal return temperature is limited • Cycle without regeneration will have more power if there is not any temperature limit UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

3400 3200 W gen [kW] 3000 More regeneration 2800 2600 2400 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 T s2 [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Steam vs ORC vs Kalina • Steam requires high temperature and geothermal fluid separation • Kalina is better fit for liquid water at lower temperatures • ORC is better at moderate temperatures and partial steam UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Price comparison, ORC vs Kalina • Turbine cost ORC higher, Kal lower • Pressure class Kal higher; ORC lower • Piping material Similar • Piping dimensions ORC larger, Kal smaller • Fluid safety measures Similar • Heat exchanger area ORC larger, Kal smaller • Parasitic loss ??? • Process complexity ??? UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Example • Study of the technical possibilities • No economic considerations • No regeneration • 150 kg/s geothermal water source • 10° C to 20° C cooling water UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Maximum power [kW] 30000 Generator power [kW] 25000 SF 20000 ORC 15000 Kal-70bar Kal-40bar 10000 Ideal 5000 0 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Temperature [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Maximum power [kW] 8000 Generator power [kW] 7000 6000 SF 5000 ORC 4000 Kal-70bar 3000 Kal-40bar 2000 1000 0 110 120 130 140 150 160 Temperature [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Power vs efficiency 18000 16000 14000 Power [kW] 12000 ORC 10000 Kal-70bar 8000 Kal-40bar 6000 4000 2000 0 7% 9% 11 13 15 17 19 % % % % % Efficiency UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Source vs return temperature 140 C] Return temperature [° 120 100 SF 80 ORC Kal-70bar 60 Kal-40bar 40 20 0 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Source temperature [° C] UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Húsavík In 2000 a 2 MWe binary plant started operation. Uses 125 ° C geothermal water, cooled to 80° C, then used for district heating. Provides 80% of electrical demand of the town. UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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Total Well Concept • Electricity • Space Heating • Industrial • Recreational • Health and Fitness • Horticulture • Fish Farming • Tourist Attractions • Molecular & Biochemical Research UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Husavík – block diagram UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Húsavík electricity production 20 Produced electricity [GWh] 18 16 14 12 Series2 10 Series3 8 6 4 2 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Mayor problem areas • Startup problems related to original design, especially separator • A single water quality incident • The much publicized turbine corrosion • What else ??? UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Experience • Experience is obtained by making mistakes and learning from them • Kalina 5 years experience • ORC 20 years experience • Steam 40 years experience UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

To district heating 121° C 80° C 80° C 95 kg/s Power plant 25 kg/s 160° C 5° C 5° C 200 kg/s 2,5 MW Incinerator Emergency cooler Kalina Brunavatn 100 l/s Aquaculture UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING