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The challenge of increasing source segregated waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal J M Vaz1, V Oliveira2, C Dias ‐ Ferreira3* 1 ECOGESTUS Lda, Waste Management Consulting, Portugal 2 Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), 601 Coimbra, Portugal 3 Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Portugal *corresponding author. Tel.: +351 239 802 277 Fax: +351 239 802 979 E ‐ mail address: celia@esac.pt Presenting author email: joao.vaz@ecogestus.com

João Vaz ECOGESTUS Waste Consulting Ltd. • Academic background: • Mechanical Engineering, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal • ERSAMUS @Ruhr Universitaet Bochum, Germany • Consultant ‐ Waste Management since 1998 • Expertize in waste collection in different countries, Portugal, São Tomé e Principe, Mozambique • Author of the National SWM Plan (2011 ‐ 2016), São Tomé e Principe • Previously worked at INFA GmbH, Germany; CONTIENTAL AG, Germany • Member of INFA ‐ ISFM e.V.; CERNAS, Coimbra; CEIFA Coop; QUERCUS CIR • Contact: joao.vaz@ecogestus.com “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 2 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Análise à Gestão de Resíduos ‐ 2014 3

Overview Waste Collection in Central Portugal Municipality Zona Centro ERSUC > 1 million hab. | 36 municipalities VALORLIS > 200k hab. | 4 municipalities Representing 11,4% of the Portuguese Pop. Separate Collection: Glass| Paper| Packaging (plastics, metals, composites, other pack mat) Road containers: > 95% Door ‐ to ‐ door: ± 4% “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 4 4 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Different Territories RURAL vs URBAN Rural areas, small size villages, mountains and dispersed population “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 5 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Urban areas (affluent, tourism, medium size towns as Aveiro, Coimbra, Leiria, Figueira da Foz) “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 6 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Municipal Waste Management@Central Portugal “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 7 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Urban waste source segregation • ERSUC S.A. : 7.5% source seg. rate considering total waste collected • 30.4 kg person ‐ 1 year ‐ 1 • VALORLIS S.A.: 7.6% • 28.8 kg person ‐ 1 year ‐ 1 • Below the target (PERSU2020): • 46.0 kg person ‐ 1 year ‐ 1 and 42.0 kg person ‐ 1 year ‐ 1 , ERSUC and VALORIS. 92,50% 92,40% • Source segregation negative growth between 2010 and 2014: • ‐ 5.1% for ERSUC S.A. and 7,50% 7,60% • ‐ 11.3% for VALORLIS S.A ERSUC VALORIS Separate Collection Unsorted waste Source segregation def: waste segregated at the point of generation and discarded at a road container aimed at capturing Glass, Paper and Packaging. “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 8 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Stagnant source segregation and separate collection, 2010 ‐ 2014 “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 9 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Source separation potential@ERSUC in kg/person year ‐ 1 The loss of recyclables into the unsorted waste stream 12.5 million euros a year (estimated, 2014) i.e. loss income to Municipalities “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 10 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

“Push for source separation ‐ ERSUC!” “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 11 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Parameters influencing separate collection • The source segregation rate is defined in this work as the percentage of the amount of recyclable waste collected separately, compared to the total amount of municipal solid waste collected: • Source segregation rate (%) = (amount of source segregated waste) / (total amount of municipal waste) *100 • Source segregation rate was correlated to the following parameters, using Microsoft Office EXCEL 2013: • total population (P1), • density population (P2), • area (P3), purchase power (P4), • number of school years attended (P5), • number of containers for source ‐ segregated waste collection (P6), • container per inhabitant (P7), and • number of containers per square kilometre (P8). “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 12 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Results and Discussion ERSUC, VALORLIS Source segregation rates in 2014, in % of total collected waste TOP municipality:“Sever do Vouga” (13.0%; 37.4 kg person ‐ 1 year ‐ 1) pop 12,000. It is remarkable that a small, rural municipality has higher source segregation rate than the most affluent areas such as Coimbra (8.3%; pop. 130,000) or Leiria (7.7%; pop. 126,897). “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 13 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Purchase power of municipality vs. source segregation “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 14 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Containers density vs. source segregation rate “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 15 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Study: Other Parameters infl. source segregation results “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 16 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Discussion • ERSUC and VALORIS have a low “recycling” performance. • A correlation between source segregation rate and different parameters (total population, population density, area, purchase power, number of containers, number of containers per km 2 ) was investigated, but none of the analysed parameters influenced significantly source segregation rates. • Road containers are the “only” collection method at ERSUC+VALORLIS and are not efficiently capturing materials, in both affluent municipalities and rural ones. • Is there enough data? How accurate is it (potential for source separation; road containers collection weight precision)? • Are other factors influencing source separation ? “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 17 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Análise à Gestão de Resíduos ‐ 2014 18

Conclusions and recommendations 1. Currently in Portugal source segregation aimed at “recycling” is dependent only on sense of civic duty. However, this model should be questioned as recycling rates are poor (14% average national level, source, INE – National Statistics Institute, 2014) 2. The results obtained showed that there is still potential for improvement within waste management at ERSUC and VALORLIS. 3. Current collection of recyclables, exclusively with road ‐ side containers (collective system; anonymous), is not effective in reaching a higher collection rates. 4. Improvements are required in order to achieve national targets and EU requirements – Waste Framework Directive. 5. Further studies should assess the primary data accuracy at municipal and intermunicipal level examining which factors explain why affluent and richer regions source segregate as much as rural poorer areas. “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 19 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”

Thank you ! “The challenge of increasing source segregated 25 ‐ Jul ‐ 16 20 waste collection in the Centre region of Portugal”