Th The Bi Big Chill ll: : bud dormancy and cold hardiness in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Th The Bi Big Chill ll: : bud dormancy and cold hardiness in grape Jason P. Londo United States Department of Agriculture: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY Northern Grapes Webinar 12/8/2015

• How does winter temperature influence grapevines? • What is cold hardiness? What is dormancy? • How do climate and genetics interact? Can we plan/breed for the future?

Vitis vinifera V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris Adapted to a Mediterranean Climate Cool/mild winters, warm dry summers Varieties with greatest “hardiness” survive until ~-22/-25 °C

Vitis riparia Adapted to cold, harsh winters… Survives temperatures until -35/-40 °C But also cool, mild winters.

Vitis aestivalis Wild Grapevine Vitis rupestris Vitis riparia Vitis cinerea Vitis vulpina Vitis amurensis – East Asia Vitis labrusca

California and the West Mid-Atlantic and Northeast http://chesapeakeclimate.org/ blog/study-va-md-vineyards- dead-by-2050/ Europe http://wineeconomist.com/category/climate-change/

Warmer Winters Changes in Temperature Patterns Changes in Precipitation Patterns

Polar Vortex!! Natural Occurrence, but more frequent NOAA www.news.discovery.com

Environmental stress physiology and genetics • Tissue differences; bud, phloem, xylem, cambium • Genetic, physiological and mechanical defenses • Impacts early, mid, and late season. Dormancy Fall Spring Winter Budburst Cold extremes Frost Frost www.extension.org

Dormancy Growth and Bud Development Auxin, Cytokinin, Goffinet 2004 Giberrelin Hormonal Paradormancy Photoperiod changes cold Goffinet 2004 Molecular- Endodormancy Metabolic ??? Goffinet 2004 Ecodormancy Environmental Warmth Growing Degree Days Growth resumes

Acclimation, Dormancy, Midwinter Bud Hardiness, and Deacclimation Endodormancy Ecodormancy Lethal Temperature Maximum Hardiness Deacclimation Acclimation

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet 2004 http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Ice which forms between cells is not typically lethal ~-5 °C If temperatures continue to drop, ice may form inside the cell, or damage from dehydration becomes irreversible

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet 2004 http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Mills et al 2006

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing LT50 = -21 C° Non-Lethal Freezing Lethal Freezing Temperature Mills et al 2006

2012-2013 Winters are not created equal. Mild/Cool Winter No Freeze Damage 2013-2014 Cold Punctuated Winter Extensive Damage 2014-2015 Cold Sustained Winter Patchy Damage

Species are also, not created equal. Average LT50 Mid December-February 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 aestivalis -24.96 -26.02 -25.63 amurensis -23.05 -27.97 -27.81 cinerea -26.00 -25.74 -25.89 Different species have hybrid -25.04 -25.55 -25.99 different ability labrusca -24.71 -26.81 -26.50 riparia -25.42 -28.91 -28.72 rupestris -25.58 -27.63 -26.95 vulpina -24.79 -26.12 -26.17 Winter conditions change how “hardy” any variety can be

Species are also, not created equal. Average LT50 Mid December-February 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 aestivalis -24.96 -26.02 -25.63 amurensis -23.05 -27.97 -27.81 cinerea -26.00 -25.74 -25.89 hybrid -25.04 -25.55 -25.99 labrusca -24.71 -26.81 -26.50 riparia -25.42 -28.91 -28.72 rupestris -25.58 -27.63 -26.95 vulpina -24.79 -26.12 -26.17

Tracking Bud Survival 2014-2015 2012-2013 2013-2014 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 7-Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Temperature C° 0.00 0.00 0.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -15.00 -15.00 -15.00 -20.00 -20.00 -20.00 -25.00 -25.00 -25.00 -30.00 -30.00 -30.00 -35.00 -35.00 -35.00 The type of winter determines the extent of bud cold hardiness • Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid

Tracking Bud Survival 2014-2015 2012-2013 2013-2014 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 7-Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Temperature C° 0.00 0.00 0.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -15.00 -15.00 -15.00 -20.00 -20.00 -20.00 -25.00 -25.00 -25.00 -30.00 -30.00 -30.00 -35.00 -35.00 -35.00 The type of winter determines the extent of bud cold hardiness • Vitis riparia Buds do not gain maximum hardiness unless the winter conditions are severe. • Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid Assessing bud cold hardiness using LTE is location AND year dependent. •

Cold hardiness variation in V. riparia 2013-2014 2014-2015 23-Oct 22-Nov 22-Dec 21-Jan 20-Feb 22-Mar 21-Apr 18-Oct 17-Nov 17-Dec 16-Jan 15-Feb 17-Mar 16-Apr 20 20 • 43 different genotypes of V. riparia 10 10 Temperature C° 0 0 • Over 10°C range of variation at any point in -10 the winter -10 -20 -20 • Varieties of both Northern and Southern riparia are -30 -30 very winter hardy (in NY) -40 -40 Varieties ≤ -32°C ; Montreal, Montana, Varieties ≤ -32°C ; Manitoba, Quebec, Ontario, Ontario, Illinois Minnesota, North Dakota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Texas

Breaking Dormancy • Buds require a specific number of hours of cool (not cold) temperatures = Chilling Hours • Once enough chilling hours have occurred, buds are ready to grow, but require heat to do so = Heating Hours • Different species and different cultivars have different Chilling Hours, and different Heating hours

Chilling hours Buds measure length of winter • Start tracking temperature below ~7 C° • Cold winters, mostly below 0 C° Stop tracking temperature below freezing. • Low chilling hours Cool winters moderated by the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean High chilling hours Variable winters Fluctuating chilling hours Brent Wilson, www.gardenality.com

2012-2013 1800 Chilling hours are different based on Missouri 1600 geography, due to climate differences 1400 Chilling Hours 1200 New York 1000 Chilling hours accumulate between 0-7 °C 800 600 South Dakota Temperatures above 7 °C may “rewind” the clock 400 200 Temperatures below 0 °C are essentially 0 “invisible” and the clock does not advance -200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May 2013-2014 1800 1600 Missouri 1400 Chilling Hours 1200 New York 1000 800 600 400 South Dakota 200 0 -200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May

2012-2013 1800 Chilling hours are different based on Missouri 1600 1400 geography, due to climate differences 1200 New York NY 1300 1000 SD 900 800 South Dakota MO 1500 600 400 Warm/Mild Winter 200 Higher Chilling Hours 0 -200 Winter warming will tend to increase 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May chilling hours in northern growing regions 2013-2014 1800 1600 Missouri 1400 NY 1100 1200 New York SD 800 1000 800 MO 1200 600 South Dakota Cold Winter 400 200 Lower Chilling Hours 0 -200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May

Why would a mild vs. cold winter matter?

Chilling Hours in Geneva NY Mild/Cool Winter Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 1800 1600 1400 Cold 1200 Punctuated 1000 Winter 800 600 400 200 Cold Sustained 0 Winter Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 -200 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

Chilling Hours in Geneva NY Warm/Mild Winters are dangerous as Early Budburst 2012 Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 Followed by frost event vines are “super-chilled” and will 1800 burst early/faster in spring. 1600 1400 1200 Late Budburst 1000 2013/2014 No major frost 800 event 600 400 200 0 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 -200 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

Chilling hours = 750 Chilling hours Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

Chilling hours = 750 Chilling hours Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Increased chilling hours results in super-optimal chilling of vines, tighter flowering time, but more rapid spring budburst. Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Different species (genotypes) have different chilling Southern requirements. We can select specific germplasm High chill-Slow to breed for these different traits Moderate Low chill-Rapid Northern Chilling Hours

Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Different species (genotypes) have different chilling Southern requirements. We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits It is possible to “over-chill” or provide “super-optimal chilling”. Northern This makes buds more synchronous and break bud faster. Chilling Hours