2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Investigation of Chicken Litter Conversion into Useful Energy Resources Using Low Temperature Pyrolysis L.M. Simbolon, D.S. Pandey, A. Hovart, M. Kwapinska, J.J. Leahy, S.A. Tassou BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON Cyprus 17-19 October 2018 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains CONTENTS • Background • Aims and Objectives • Methods • Experimental Facility • Research Condition • Result • Conclusion RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 2
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains BACK GROUND • Every country has agreed to reduce the production of greenhouse gasses (Paris Agreement) • One of the options to reduce the carbon foot print is by converting the farm waste into renewable energy. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 3
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains BACKGROUND • Consumption of chicken meat has increased since the broke out of mad cow disease • Shorter batch production time, greater production yield • However, the waste generated from chickens has created a new disposal problem (ex: Ammoniac) 250 averages gram per person per 200 150 week Beef and veal Pork 100 Mutton and lamb chicken (uncooked) 50 0 200… 200… 200… 200… 200… 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 4
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains AIM AND OBJECTIVES The Aim of the research is to: Investigate ways to maximise conversion of chicken litter to useful resources. The objectives of the research are: • Investigate characteristics of chicken litter from different localities . • Select the most appropriate method of management of chicken litter in detail through experimental investigations. • Draw conclusion based on characteristics of chicken litter and energy conversion technologies. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 5
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Why Pyrolysis? RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 6
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Lab-scale pyrolysis reactor Pyrolysis High Temperature Oven RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 7
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Schematic Diagram (1) Stopper; (2) Reactor Tube, (3) Reducer, (4) Cyclone, (5) & (6) 90° bend, (7) Heat Exchanger, (8a) & (8b) 500 ml flask, (9) Heating Tape, (10) Voltage Regulator (11) Thermostat, (12) Gas Sampling Bags RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 8
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains (a) Hays; (b) Straws, (c) Rice husk, (d) Wood Shavings, (e) Chicken Manure 1 . Proximate test. 2. Pyrolysis test. • • Moisture content test. 350°C Pyrolysis test. • • Volatile matter content test. 400°C Pyrolysis test. • • Ash content test 450°C Pyrolysis test. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 9
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Pyrolysis test conditions Test Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Feed Stock Type 1 Hay Mix Straw Mix Wood chip mix Rice husk mix Feed Stock Mass (g) 100 100 100 100 PyrolysisTemperature (°C) 350 400 450 350 400 450 350 400 450 350 400 450 Cooling water flow rate (lpm) 10 10 10 10 Heater Voltage (V) 110 165 220 110 165 220 110 165 220 110 165 220 1. Feed stock type is a mix of 50% bedding materials and 50% pelleted chicken manure RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 10
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Results Proximate Analysis Sample HHV (MJ kg -1 ) MC (wt%) VM (wt%) A (wt%) FC (wt%) Hay Mix 14.34 9.5 60.6 16.4 13.5 Straw Mix 13.02 7.9 66.7 12.8 12.6 Rice Husk Mix 13.47 4.8 65.7 9.4 20.1 Wood Shavings Mix 17.11 9.6 71.4 7.8 11.2 Ultimate Analysis Sample C (wt%) H (wt%) N (wt%) S (wt%) O (wt%) Hay Mix 34.50 5.47 3.60 0.27 29.14 Straw Mix 32.15 5.35 2.89 0.30 33.71 Rice Husk Mix 32.05 4.86 2.85 0.31 27.60 Wood Shavings Mix 35.77 5.68 2.81 0.27 31.43 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 11
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Results Pyrolysis Process in 350°, 400°, 450°C Char Bio Oil Gas Sampling RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 12
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Results 100% Char 90% 35.4 36.6 36.5 36.1 39.1 80% 41.3 Liquid 44.4 44.4 46.8 46.4 47.7 53.3 70% Gas 60% 25.3 26.7 50% 26.6 35.9 37.9 30.2 26.7 23.3 28.2 40% 27.1 23.9 35.1 30% 20% 38.1 36.8 34.3 30.3 28.9 28.5 28.7 27.4 26.1 26.0 22.8 10% 17.2 0% Hay Mix Hay Mix Hay Mix Straw Mix Straw Mix Straw Mix Rice Husk Rice Husk Rice Husk Wood Wood Wood 350°C 400°C 450°C 350°C 400°C 450°C Mix 350°C Mix 400°C Mix 450°C Chip Mix Chip Mix Chip Mix 350°C 400°C 450°C RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 13
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Main Pyrolysis Gases Fractions 50 CO2 N2 CO 45 40 Volumetric fraction, % 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 14
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Minor Pyrolysis Gases Fractions C2H4 C2H6 C2H2 H2S 10 9 8 Volumetric fraction, % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 15
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Abundance 1600000 Liquid Identification HAY MIX -350°C 1 1500000 (Hay Mix 350°C, water content 65% – 72%) 1400000 1300000 5 1200000 1100000 1000000 900000 4 800000 6 12 2 700000 3 600000 7 20 500000 11 400000 19 13 300000 15 8 9 10 18 21 200000 14 17 22 16 24 23 100000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Time RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 16
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Liquid Identification Contd.. Compounds Name Compounds Name 1. Acetic acid (C2H4O2) 13. 1-Heptanol, 2-propyl- (C10H22O) 2. Propanoic acid (C3H6O2) 14. Maltol (C6H6O3) 3. 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone (C4H8O2) 15. 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-ethyl-2-hydroxy- (C7H10O2) 4. Butanoic acid (C4H8O2) 16. 4-Pyridinol (C5H5NO) 17. Phenol, 3-ethyl- (C8H10O) 5. 2-Furanmethanol (C5H6O2) 18. Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-methyl- (C8H10O2) 6. 2-Propanone, 1-(acetyloxy)- (C5H8O3) 7. Butyrolactone (C4H6O2) 19. Phenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxy- (C9H12O2) 8. Furo[3,4-b]furan-2,6(3H,4H)-dione (C9H10O4) 20. Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- (C8H10O3) 9. Phenol (C6H6O) 21. Phenol, 4-methoxy-3-(methoxymethyl)- (C9H12O3) 22. Trimethoxyamphetamine, 2,3,5- (C12H19NO3) 10. 2-Furanmethanol, tetrahydro- (C5H10O2) 23. Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (C11H14O3) 11. 1,2-Cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl- (C6H8O2) 24. n-Hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2) 12. Phenol, 2-methoxy- (C7H8O2) RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 17
2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Energy Balance 50.00 Feed Stock Gas 45.00 5.79 6.19 40.00 4.40 8.14 6.11 35.00 8.59 5.25 6.21 5.64 16.34 30.00 15.50 6.51 14.40 18.57 7.02 16.30 8.73 6.66 HHV (MJ/kg) 25.00 10.48 12.83 10.78 7.37 6.52 20.00 5.40 7.97 10.63 7.15 7.18 5.09 4.89 4.94 5.74 5.91 5.33 5.59 15.00 4.27 10.00 14.81 14.81 14.81 14.34 14.34 14.34 12.99 12.99 12.99 12.77 12.77 12.77 5.00 0.00 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains BRUNEL UNIVERSITY LONDON 18
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