Technologies coping with global T h l i i ith l b l and local - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainability 2009 Global Food Security and Sustainability Global Food Security and Sustainability September 17 and 18, 2009 Science Council of Japan Technologies coping with global T h l i i ith l b l and local environmental issues and local environmental issues related to livestock development Masaki Shibata M ki Shib t Institute of Livestock Industry’s Environmental Technology, Livestock Industry’s Environmental Improvement Organization, y p g , Japan

Increase in the demand of livestock products in developing countries: • Nutritional benefits to the people N t iti l b fit t th l • Provision of income and increase in economic stability t bilit • Rapid expansion of livestock development likely p p p y causes global and local environmental problems Current developments of technologies to solve such Current developments of technologies to solve such problems based on the Japanese experience • Use of food waste for animal feed Use of food waste for animal feed • Development of technologies on animal waste treatment • Development of technology on climate change

Use of food waste for animal feed Economical and Ecological feed “Ecofeed” Traditional but new technology Environmental burden Industrial Food Waste Incineration Incineration (11 million ton) (11 illi t ) Landfill (40%) (40%) Compost Use as feed (21%) Use as feed (21%) (22%) (22%) Promotion of the use as feed !! Promotion of the use as feed !!

Background • Self-sufficiency of food 41% (Feed 26%) (2009) – Corn import 12 million ton per year y • Food Waste Recycling Law enforced (2001, revised 2007) – Ecofeed as first priority • BSE incidence and Amendment of Feed Safety Law (2001) (2001) – Food waste can be fed to swine and poulrty – No animal materials for ruminants No animal materials for ruminants • Council for improving self-sufficiency of feed (2005 ） – Feed self-sufficiency 24% → 35% Feed self sufficiency 24% → 35% – Concentrate feed self-sufficiency 10% → 14% – Producing ecofeed from food waste Producing ecofeed from food waste • 2.5 million ton → 5.1 million ton

Processing of food waste for ecofeed Distribution Distribution Wide area Small area Dehydration Silage Liquid feeding

Fermented Liquid feeding system Soup center Soup center Food industry Food industry Pig farm Pig farm Collection and Feed Preparation Feeding formulation formulation system system Heat treatment Heat treatment Use of organic acid Nutritive value Feeding system Inoculation of lactic acid bacteria Feed formulation Effect of animals Inc bation Incubation Nutritive value

Integration of Feed Producing Technology Fermented liquid feeding High moisture materials Soft grains Shochu (distiller’s) residue Rice and wheat Cheese whey & milk Cheese whey & milk Corn cob mix Vegitables residue Bi Bio-ethanol residue th l id Structural reform of feed producing capacity feed producing capacity

Animal production and environment p NH 3 NH CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 CO 2 2 NO 3 NH 3 CH 4 Buffer Buffer Water N W t N 4 Diversity CO 2 zone purification Hojito 2008

Introduction of the Vacuum Aeration System ( VAS ) Introduction of the Vacuum Aeration System ( VAS ) Positive Pressure Aeration (Conventional) Positive Pressure Aeration (Conventional) 14.4 ％ (N) High Ammonia Gas Emission! Air 85.6 ％ (N) ( ) Now on researching about the utilization of the liquid fertilizer and thermal energy in greenhouse . g ee ouse Vacuum Aeration Chemical Scrubber <3 5 ％ (N) <3.5 ％ (N) Reduction of Reduction of High concentration the Ammonia ammonia gas is Gas Emission scrubbed, and recovered as liquid fertilizer. Thermal 77.4 ％ (N) energy & CO 2 Liquid q 19.1 ％ (N) fertilizer Abe et al. 2008

VAS Pilot Plant Semi-open Vessel with Semi-open Vessel with Automatic Compost Automatic Compost Turner Turner Greenhouse Greenhouse Chemical Scrubber Chemical Scrubber 1) Organic matter decomposition is accelerated and thermophilic phase is finish within 4 weeks. 2) Ammonia gas emission from the surface of the pile is reduced to 1 2) Ammonia gas emission from the surface of the pile is reduced to 1 - 10%. 10% 3) 0.94kg of nitrogen is recovered from 1 ton of dairy cow feces by the chemical scrubber. 4) 2 95 × 10 5 kcal of thermal energy (estimated 23 8 L of kerosene in calories) is 4) 2.95 × 10 5 kcal of thermal energy (estimated 23.8 L of kerosene in calories) is generated from 1 ton of feces. 5) CO2 gas is supplied continuously to the greenhouse.

Summary of the technology for phosphate removal and recovery from swine wastewater from swine wastewater MAP : Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate

Phosphate recovery from swine wastewater Suzuki et al., 2008

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB ） Reactor UASB Biogas Reactor Effluent Biogas Biogas Granule Granule Granule layer Waste water A granule of anaerobic g bacteria, including high concentration of methanogenic bacteria. (2~4 mm in diameter) Tanaka & Suzuki, 2004 Tanaka & Suzuki, 2004

Napier grass production under various application rates of cattle feces (Matsuo et al. 2001) rates of cattle feces (Matsuo et al 2001) -Development of sustainable agriculture in Northeast Thailand (JIRCAS)- Site: Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research Center, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand Comparison of soil fertility between Thailand and Japan p Northeast Japan Crops: Napiergrass Thailand Total Carbon 3.6 32.7 (g C / kg soil) Total Nitrogen Fertilizer application: 0.31 2.75 (g N / kg soil) Dried cattle feces: 100 kg N/ha Available Phosphorus 19 83 (mg P / kg soil) ( g g ) Dried cattle feces: 200 kg N/ha Dried cattle feces: 350 kg N/ha Dried cattle feces: 500 kg N/ha Dried cattle feces: 500 kg N/ha Chemical: 0-150-150 kg N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O/ha Chemical: 150-150-150 kg N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O/ha Chemical: 150 150 150 kg N P 2 O 5 K 2 O/ha DCF: 200 kg N/ha + AS: 80 kg N/ha

Napier Production (DM t/ha) Total Carbon in Soil (g C / kg soil) 35 6.0 6.0 2nd year (2001) 1st year (2000) 30 5.0 25 4.0 20 20 3.0 15 2.0 10 1.0 1 0 5 0 0.0 Soil pH Soil pH Total Nitrogen in Soil (g N / kg soil) Total Nitrogen in Soil (g N / kg soil) 7.5 0.5 7.0 0.4 6 5 6.5 0.3 6.0 0.2 5.5 0.1 0 5.0 5 0 4.5 0.0 100N 200N 350N 500N 0N ‐ 150N ‐ 200N 100N 200N 350N 500N 0N ‐ 150N ‐ 200N Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P 150P ‐ 150P ‐ 150P Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P ‐ 150P ‐ 150P ‐ 150P ‐ Dried Dried cattle cattle cattle cattle 150K 150K cattle cattle cattle cattle cattle 150K 150K cattle feces feces feces feces Chemical Chemical feces feces feces feces feces Chemical Chemical feces +80N +80N Chemical Chemical

Crop Crop Crop-Animal Integration Crop-Animal Integration Animal Integration Animal Integration Animal waste: precious resource Animal waste: precious resource Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of crop Improvement of crop- -animal production and animal production and its sustainability its sustainability ts susta ab ty ts susta ab ty Improvement of farmer’s income Improvement of farmer’s income

Research issues of global warming in animal production Methane(CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are potential greenhouse gases produced from animal production system. In the Kyoto Protocol (1997), 1. Development of the technology to our country promises greenhouse gas 6% reduction. estimate CH4 emission from ruminant estimate CH4 emission from ruminant accurately and to reduce the amounts 250 200 of the gases emitted from animal 150 production production. 100 2. Development of the technology to 50 estimate greenhouse gas emission 0 f from animal waste treatment i l t t t t 3. Evaluation of the effect of increase in ambient temperature on animal production Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2004 Agriculture is main methane gas source.

Spatial distribution of the declining degree of broiler meat production in current and 2060’s August meat production in current and 2060 s August. Current 2060’s Decline degree(%) 15 15 5 0 By the combination of the database of “Climate Change Mesh Data (Japan)” and the data on the relation between ambient temperature and meat production the data on the relation between ambient temperature and meat production, geographical differences of the climate change on meat production in Japan were examined. (Yamazaki et al. 2006)

Research for control of greenhouse gas emission Methane reduction by improvement of productivity 70 7000 L/kg) 60 6000 DG (L ssion per yield 5000 Y=8.19+300/FCM 50 r=0.82 y = 273.77x -0.8435 er FCM (L/kg) 4000 40 R 2 = 0.9396 3000 3000 p CH4 emis 30 30 ( 4 emission 2000 20 1000 CH 10 0 0 0 0.00 0.50 1.00 0 10 20 30 40 (b) DG (kg/day) (a) FCM yield (kg) Kurihara et al Kurihara et al., 1997 1997 Terada et al Terada et al., 1997 1997 (a) CH 4 emission per kg fat (b) CH 4 emission per kg daily corrected milk(FCM) ( ) gain (DG) g ( ) The relationship between productivity and methane (CH 4 ) emission