Team 1709: Utility Grid Enhancement for Deep Integration of Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation Sponsored by: The United Illuminating Company Alsandy Jacot (EE) Derek McCormack (EE) Rahul Vachhani (EE) Joel Velez (EE) Project Advisor: Dr. Peng Zhang
Overview ● Background of distributed energy resources (DER) ● Effects of a DER on a distribution system ● Team Proposal ● Conclusion ● Questions
DER Background: What is DER? ● Distributed energy resources (DER) are power sources that can provide power necessary to meet regular demand. ● As the electricity grid continues to modernize, DER such as storage and advanced renewable technologies can help facilitate the transition to a smarter grid.
DER Background: Why are renewables important ?? ● faster, less expensive option to the construction of large, central power plants and high-voltage transmission lines. ● They offer consumers: ○ the potential for lower cost higher service reliability ○ ○ high power quality ○ increased energy efficiency ○ energy independence Environmental Benefits
DER Background: Types of Distributed Energy Resources ● Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) ● Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Cogeneration Systems ● Microgrids ● ● Wind-Turbines/Microturbines ● Fuel Cells Hybrid Power Systems (solar hybrid and wind hybrid systems) ● Stirling Engines ●
DER Background: Types of Distributed Energy Resources Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) Cogeneration Systems & CHP Wind-Turbines & Microturbines Microgrid
Why transition to Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) ? The U.S. solar energy industry now employs ~175,000 people (more than the ● coal or steel industry). ● The U.S. solar energy industry has been the fastest-growing industry in the U.S. in recent years. (It has been creating jobs 10 times faster than the U.S. economy as a whole). ● Over 5,000 businesses (mostly small businesses) support the solar industry in the U.S., creating jobs for Americans in every state. ● 9 out of 10 Americans think we should be developing and using more solar power. ● Commercial Residential
Why transition to Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) ?
Effects of PV integration ● Overloaded system ○ Due to generation at the tail end of a circuit where the construction is less robust ■ Voltage issues ■ Protection issues ● Islanding ○ During outage scenarios PV systems may result in an island effect which has the potential to cause temporary voltage spikes. ● Changes and upgrades to the system to counteract these effects are necessary but can be extremely expensive. ○ This is especially true if these upgrades are based on the nameplate rating of the PV systems. ■ Typically much higher than the actual output.
Team Proposal: Objective Develop a capacity factor prediction tool Predicted PV System Output for a given time Capacity Factor = Nameplate Rating of PV System Output for given time
Team Proposal Develop a capacity factor prediction tool Input Specific Algorithm based on Big Capacity Factor Parameters Data Analytics
Team Proposal : Specifics ● Will be specific for the United Illuminating territory. ● Based on big data analytics from existing residential PV Systems ● Will incorporate several different essential variables
Team Proposal : UI Territory ● Will be specific for the United Illuminating territory. ● Southwest area of Connecticut ● Territory covers from 17 Cities/Towns ● 9 of which are along the shore
Team Proposal : Data ● Based on data from existing residential PV Systems ● Will perform Big Data Analytics ● Data will be provided by 3rd party ● Data will be from existing residential customers ● Will decide on geographical areas within UI territory of which best to obtain data ● Number of sites of which to analyze data will be decided with help from an expert in stats. ● Required to have 92% - 95% confidence in prediction tool.
Team Proposal : Variables ● Will incorporporate several different variables deemed essential for an accurate prediction tool ● Irradiance ● Tilt angle ● Azimuth angle ● Manufacturer of PV System ● Time/ Season ● Specifics of PV System (Size, quantity, etc…)
Team Proposal : Variables : Irradiance ● Irradiance ● Measure of power per unit area in the form of electromagnetic radiation from Solar Energy. (W/m^2) ● Will also consider “Insolation,” which is the irradiance over a given period of time. (kWh/m^2) ● Solar energy is greatest when the Earth’s surface is orthogonal to the Sun. ● Varies with time, weather, season, etc… ● Solar irradiance data can easily be obtained from weather and/or government sources.
Team Proposal : Variables : Tilt ● Tilt ● To use the irradiance data accurately we must take into account the Tilt of the PV panels in relation to horizontal. ● Low tilt angles are preferred in Summer months ● Higher tilt angles are preferred in Winter months ● For residential installations this is typically Rise decided by the pitch of the roof due to cheaper installation costs. Angle = tan -1 (Rise/Run) Run
Team Proposal : Variables : Azimuth ● Azimuth ● The Azimuth angle takes into account the Direction Angle(Deg.) direction the Panels are facing in relation to true North. N 0 ● Direction of Panels affects the irradiance. ● For areas in the Northern Hemisphere NE 45 southerly facing panels are preferred. E 90 SE 135 S 180 SW 225 W 270 NW 315
Team Proposal : Variables : Manufacturer of Inverter/Panels ● Manufacturer of Inverters/Panels ● Will focus on how much the Capacity factor differ between manufacturers ● Specifically their module type ○ Ex. Thin Film, Polycrystalline, Monocrystalline
Team Proposal : Variables : Effects of Time/Season on the DER Effects of Time/Season ● ● Seasons are caused by the 23.5 degree tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation. ● Tilting in regards to the northern hemisphere results in longer days between the spring and fall equinox. ● The rotation of the Earth is responsible for hourly variations in sunlight. ● Greatest amount of solar energy reaches a solar collector around solar noon.
Scope of Work (Fall 2016) Phase 1: Phase 2: ● Send project proposal/ revised scope to sponsor within 2 ● Analyze data weeks. ● Develop capacity factors with given data ● Setup and continuously update team webpage ● Decipher how different variables affect the capacity factors ● Research topics ● Figure out how to obtain and integrate irradiance data. ● Figure out metrics/parameters needed for analysis ● Begin final report ● Figure out how many sites per area will be needed for accurate statistical data ● Figure out how many sites are manageable ● Decide various areas and how many sites/area to analyze ● Contact Greenbank ● Obtain needed data. ● Begin to organize data and decipher what will be useful
Scope of Work (Spring 2016) Phase 3: Phase 4: ● Take care of any remaining issues or concerns from phase ● Perform advanced data analytics with MATLAB 1 and 2 ● Prepare for Demo Day ● Transfer our data into MATLAB ● Finalize final report ● Take into account the economical impact of DER (Time Permitting) ● Decide what advanced techniques will best represent our data ● Figure out how to incorporate different variables into capacity factor ● Develop tool for capacity factor predicting ● Test and refine tool ● Add to final report
References 1. https://cleantechnica.com/solar-power/ 2. http://www.ipsi.net/commercial-power/cogeneration-systems 3. http://www.decodingsustainability.com/blog/2016/2/28/does-combined-heat-and-power-fit-into-the-future-low-carbon-world 4. https://www.civicsolar.com/support/installer/articles/microgrid-regulatory-policy-us 5. https://www.emaze.com/@AQWLRIT/Wind-Turbine 6. http://www.spheralsolar.com/ 7. http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/media_room/publications_presentations/Other_Reports/Other_Reports/A_Review_of_Distributed_Energ y_Resources_September_2014.pdf 8. http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/index.php 9 https://maps.nrel.gov/nsrdb-viewer/#/?aL=8VWYIh%255Bv%255D%3Dt&bL=groad&cE=0&lR=0&mC=29.305561325527698%2C-84.63867 10. http://gizmodo.com/rooftop-solar-panels-are-almost-all-facing-the-wrong-di-1644518413 11. http://costofsolar.com/best-direction-to-face-solar-panels-south-or-west/ 12. http://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/solar-radiation-basics 13. http://brightstarsolar.net/2014/02/common-sizes-of-solar-panels/ 14. http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_the_seasons.htm 15. http://news.energysage.com/best-solar-panel-manufacturers-usa/
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