EMPOWERING WOMEN AND GIRLS: A CRITICAL PATHWAY TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Dr. Kavita Sethuraman, Technical Advisor, Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition April 19 2017 Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA) FHI 360 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW Washington, DC 20009 Tel: 202-884-8000 Fax: 202-884-8432 Email: fantamail@fhi360.org Website: www.fantaproject.org 1
Global Trend in the Prevalence of Chronic Malnutrition (Stunting) 200 198 190 182 Number (Millions) 180 170 169 160 156 150 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2
Global Trend in the Prevalence (%) and Number (Millions) Undernourished 991 1000 25 927 909 900 23 805 778 800 20 Number (Millions) 700 18 17 600 15 Percent 14 500 13 400 10 300 200 5 100 0 0 1990-92 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 2014-16 Number (Millions) Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) 3 3
Globally…Where Gender Inequality Prevails… Hunger is Widely Prevalent 50 45 Increasing hunger 40 Global Hunger Index 35 30 25 20 15 10 Increasing gender inequality 5 0 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 Gender Inequality Index 4
Evidence shows that… Over the period from 1970-1995: Women’s Status 55% of the 12% National Food reduction in child Availability 25% malnutrition is a Women’s Education Health result of 43% Environment improvements in 19% women’s education and social status. Source: Smith et al 2003 5
Women farmers are less Women make up 43% of productive than men due the agricultural labor force to less access to land, in developing countries. water, seeds, training, and credit. Source: Coffee Quality Institute 6
Educating girls is correlated with lower adolescent pregnancy Children of educated mothers rates, better child health, are 40% more likely to live delayed age at marriage, lower beyond age 5 and 50% more maternal mortality, and higher likely to be immunized earnings for women Source: Coffee Quality Institute 7
Risk Ratio for Stunting Among Firstborns by Maternal Age Younger maternal age = higher risk of stunting in their 1 st born children In Sub-Saharan Africa the increased risk of stunting among firstborns of adolescent mothers is 33%. In South Asia it is 36%. 8 Source: Fink et al. 2014 8
Prevalence of Stunting in Children under Age 5 by Maternal Age 60 54 51 51 49 50 45 43 42 41 39 40 37 36 33 31 Percent 30 29 30 24 20 10 0 Ethiopia 2011 Kenya 2014 Malawi 2010 Mozambique Tanzania Uganda 2011 Zambia Zimbabwe 2011 2010 2013/14 2010/11 <18years >23 years Source: Analysed from DHS 9
Trends in Adolescent Childbearing Percent of adolescents who have begun childbearing by age 19 100 75 80 71 67 69 65 66 65 59 60 54 60 60 57 57 60 Percent 53 48 52 47 51 40 38 41 36 40 25 29 20 0 10 Source: DHS 10 10
Empowering women and girls…. Productive resources = Food production = Purchasing Income power + ability to buy food Education of women = Fewer children + girls = delaying + more time + marriage + better care = childbearing better nutrition 11 11
Gender transformative approach “You see when we for Agriculture started working with the household approach there were men who have since died and left their spouse and children. Their farms are still functioning and are even better after their death. This is because the women were involved in planning and decision- making” Male farmer, Zambia Source: SIDA 2010, Farnworth and Colverson, 2015, IFAD 2014 12 12
Empowering women through a combination of income-generation and education improves household food security and adoption of optimal nutrition practices Improved Credit Income and Savings Household Food Security Women’s Self-Confidence & Associations Status Adoption of optimal health and nutrition Knowledge and Education practices Practice Intermediate Longer-Term Program Inputs Benefits Outcomes Source: FFH Credit with Education Strategy 13 13
Empowering women combined with MCHN programming results in improved nutrition Percentage Point Reduction in Stunting 0 -1 -2 -2.6 -3 -4 -5 -6 -6.5 -7 -8.4 -8 -9 14 14 Source: IDS Working Paper on Shouhardo II Evaluation
Source: Photoshare 15 15 15
Source: World Vision 16 16
Milestones to integrate gender in FPP programming 2016 FFP Integrates language on 2009 gender for annual Gender reporting from 2012 integration in implementing FFP hires Title II becomes partners Gender Advisor mandatory 2016/17 2014 2011 FFP undertakes FFP adopts Report with gender gender recommendations consultations to indicators on gender guide the design integration for FFP of gender published analyses 17 17
FFP Gender Integration Framework Decision-Making Control Communication Resources/ Information Access Membership/ Participation 18 18
Empowering women and girls is a critical pathway to accelerating sustainable improvements in nutrition, food security, and agriculture Source: Photoshare 19 19
This presentation is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the support of the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under terms of Cooperative Agreement No . AID-OAA-A-12-00005 , through the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), managed by FHI 360. The contents are the responsibility of FHI 360 and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 20 20
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