Supercapacitor or Battery by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Supercapacitor or Battery by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of Pretoria

Outline What is Supercapacitors vs Supercapacitor Concluding remarks Supercapacitors? Batteries Applications

History of the Supercapacitor In 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist Supercapacitor constructed the first capacitor. In the same year Pieter von Musschenboek invented the Leyden Jar. Ben Franklin soon found out a flat piece of glass can be used in place of the jar model. NEC The Electric Double Layer Capacitor effect was first noticed in 1957 by General Electric. Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered this effect in 1966. Standard Oil of Ohio gave the licensing to NEC, which in 1978 marketed the product as a “supercapacitor” . 3

What is Supercapacitors? Fast Charge and Fast Discharge Capability (seconds) Supercapacitors perform mid-way between conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells High Power Density (>2kW/kg), (batteries). Lower energy than a battery Highly reversible process, >500,000 ’ s of cycles Wider Operating Temperature (-40 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ ) Eco-friendly and safe 4

Supercapacitors vs Batteries Supercapacitor Battery Available Available Battery Supercapacitor Performance Performance Charge/Discharge Time 0.5 to 10 hrs Charge/Discharge Time 0.3 to 30 s Energy Storage W-Hr of energy Energy Storage W-Sec of energy Energy (Wh/kg) 8 to 700 Energy (Wh/kg) 1 to 10 Cycle Life <1,500 Cycle Life >500,000 Specific Power (W/kg) <1000 Specific Power (W/kg) <10,000 0.7 to 0.85 0.85 to 0.98 Charge/discharge Charge/discharge efficiency efficiency 5

Supercapacitors vs Batteries Ragone plot Efficiency 4 Charge Acceptance Self Discharge P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater. , 2008, 7, 845 – 854 3 Temperature Range Availability 2 1 Environment Cycle Stability Which one? 0 1 Supercapacitors Recycling Energy Density 2 Lead-acid AGM battery 3 Nickel – metal hydride battery Safety Power Density 4 Lithium-ion battery System Cost Energy Cost Power Cost Supercapacitors Pb-AGM batteries NiMH batteries Li Ion batteries www.maxwell.com 6

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EDLC Carbon Activated Carbons 01 Carbon Nanotubes 04 02 03 Carbon Aerogels Templated Mesoporous Carbons

PC Manganese Dioxide Vanadium(V) oxide 01 04 02 03 Ruthenium Oxide Iron(III) oxide

Supercapacitor applications 1 UPS Road Sign 1 2 2 Wind Mill – Solar Tracking Solar Energy 3 Energy 3 Electric Car – Golf Car Flashlight Power Storage 4 4 Robot Solar Watch 5 Remote Control 1 Motor Starter 1 Mobile Phone 2 Hybrid Car Power Memory 2 Support 3 Digital Camera Back-up Smart Meter 3 4 Wireless Device Controller 4 Audio Player 5 Copy Machine Digital Camera 10

Wind turbine SC 11

✓ You can combine an supercapacitor and a battery to optimizing your system design. ✓ The high power pulses are provided by the supercapacitor, while the Optimizing your large energy requirement is provided by the battery. system design 12

NEC/TOKIN hybrid system Supercapacitor is connected in parallel to Dry battery Operating life (Number of photos) Without Supercapacitor 379 With Supercapacitor 673 (80% increase) 13

Rockster R1100DE hybrid rock crusher Power peaks are smooth by supercapacitors. The fuel consumption is reduced and through the use of virtually maintenance-free electric motors also maintenance costs are minimized. With this technology you can save up to 16,000 liters ( 20,800$ if Diesel = $1.30 /ltr) of diesel annually. 14

Komatsu hybrid system 15

Cat hybrid system Caterpillar 6120B H FS hybrid Mining Shovel www.cat.com • 1400 Tons Bucket volume 46 to 65 m 3 (size depends on material density) • • Internal combustion engine power 4500 hp (3360 kW) • Machine power 8,000 hp (using IC engine + energy storage) • 48 MJ capacitor energy storage (4700 cells each rated at 3000 F, 2.7 V) • Cut fuel cost per ton by at least 25% 16

Hybrid Rubber Tired Gantry Crane (RTGC) TCM corporation Capacitor Storage • 7 MJ Capacitor • 38 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction T. Furukawa: DLCAP energy storage system multiple application, Proc. Adv. Capacitor World Summit, San Diego (2006) 17

Ar Vag Tredan (Electric boat) www.enerzine.com • Electric passenger ship, powered by supercapacitor, operated in the harbor of Lorient. • Passenger capacity: 147 • Absence of CO2 emission, noise and vibration • Recyclable materials • 25 m² of photovoltaic panels supply the entire low voltage network (lighting of navigation and remote control equipment) • Cruise speed: 10 knots 18

CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Charging takes 30 sec and can power the train for 2 km Electric bus with the fastest charging time in the world (10 sec ) 19

Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rg-SsPJuU SWB6121SC www.sunwinbus.com SWB6121EV2 20

Business Case for Battery Hybridization Supercapacitor • 33 mph velocity : 2 MJ → 0.56 kWh of kinetic energy (1kWh = 3.6MJ) • Value electrical energy at $0.15/kWh • Thus bus kinetic energy worth 0.56 x $0.15 = 8¢ Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus 75% ~6¢ • Assume round trip efficiency ~50% (value of energy 4¢) • Assume 1000 stop cycles/day with 330 days/year operation 6¢ $20,000 • Annual energy savings = 1000 x 330 x 4¢ = $13.200 Supercapacitor $10,000 • 3 MJ battery storage cells cost ≈ $750 Supercapacitor >> 4 years • Battery storage system life ~2 • Saving after 2 years = (2 x $13.200) - $750 = $25,650 In 6 year = $76,950 6 (6 x $20,000) - $10,000 = $110,000 21

Concluding remarks 1 Supercapacitor have very attractive features Summary • High cycle life • Excellent reliability 2 • Maintenance-free operation • Wide Operating Temperature 3 Supercapacitor technology has lower life-cycle cost compare to Battery technology 4 Supercapacitor shows good potential in Power, Power support, Energy storage and Memory Back-up application 22

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QUESTION AND ANSWER SATION

Our research Centre for New Energy Studies (CNES) 26

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been 3D Simulation of investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and supercapacitor study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results. Making supercapacitors Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications. Investigate effect of radiation Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor. Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems. 27

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been 3D Simulation of investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and supercapacitor study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results. Making supercapacitors Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications. Investigate effect of radiation Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor. Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems. 28

3D Simulation of supercapacitor Three dimension modelling of the components in supercapacitors for proper understanding and contribution of each parameter to the final electrochemical performance we study and provide a deep Most researchers have tried to explain the EDLCs for ECs, however, understanding of the electrical none of the reports clearly behaviour of ECs and the effect of explained effect and reflection of each component to the final each component on the final stored electrochemical performance. energy. The verification and confirmation of the proposed model, was carried out experimentally with activated carbon-based materials in laboratory. 29

Existing model Thr hree br bran anch RC RC cir ircuit it mod model Tran ansmis issio ion line mod model RC cir RC ircuit it mod model The simple RC circuit model The model show a suitable Mentioned model are incomplete models for actual ECs and cannot be used to probe porous connection with experimental cannot be used to examine resistances of each parameter of nature of the electrodes or show results, however, the models have a ECs (active material, electrolyte, separator and etc.) the behaviour of EDLCs over a weakness taking into account that individually and their focus is mostly on the EDLCs material. frequency range accurately. the circuit components lack a physical meaning. R element presents resistance, L element presents inductance and C is the capacitor. 30