Smart Solutions for a Smart Smart Solutions for a Smart Grid Grid Eric Sortomme Eric Sortomme The cialab The cialab Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering University of Washington University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Seattle, WA 98195 http://cialab.ee.washington.edu
Current Power System Transmission 200kV-1MV transformer High voltage transmission line Transmission Power plant transformer Service 15kV-25kV transformer Distribution transformer Distribution line 120/240V
Existing Distribution Grid • Have seen little change – Mostly radial – Mostly unidirectional power flows – Passive in operation. • Their primary role is energy delivery to end- user
What’s the problem?
CO2
Solution • Concerned citizens and politicians work together to pass renewable portfolio standards (RPS)
States with RPS as of 2007
Renewable Energy Penetration
1 Hour Wind Farm Output 195 190 185 Power Output (MW) 180 175 170 165 160 155 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (Minutes)
Reliability • Utilities are all subject to NERC and other regional councils (WECC etc.)
Customers Demands • Cost options • Reduced outages • Energy Options
Regulators • Consumers vote on PUD commissioners, UTC which must approve rates.
What’s a Utility to do?
Smart Grid
Smart Grid Objectives • Accessible: granting access and capability for bidirectional flow to all customers. • Flexible: fulfilling customers’ needs whilst responding to the changes and challenges ahead • Reliable: assuring and improving security and quality of supply • Economic: providing best value through innovation and efficient energy management.
What to Expect? • A proportion of the electricity generated by large conventional plants will be displaced by – distributed generation – renewable energy sources – energy storage – demand response – demand side management
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid? • Reduction in transmission congestion • Reduced blackouts and forced outages – “power outages and fluctuations cost U.S. businesses and consumers $30 billion each year.” DOE • Reduction in restoration time • Self diagnosis and self healing
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid? • Peak demand shaving • Increased system capacity • Increased security and reduced vulnerability
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid? • Reduction is some power quality problems due to improved power flow • Increase environmental benefits
Technology needed to implement the Smart Grids • Energy Storage • Advanced Metering and Sensors • Grid friendly Plug-in Hybrids • Grid friendly loads • Smart houses • Substation Automation • Distribution Automation • Communications • Demand Response • Web Services and Grid Computing • Weather Prediction • Advanced Conductors • Advanced distributed control • … … …
Our Focus • Integrating distributed generation, grid friendly appliances and plug-in vehicles into microgrids which interact with the larger grid as an aggregate load or source with ancillary services. This delivers increased reliability and decreased costs to all involved.
Distributed Generation • Decreased losses • Offsets transmission and distribution construction • Saves $$$
Plug-in Vehicles • Could be a serious problem if there is no control. – Utilities would add approximately 1 TWh to their current generation • Could Provide storage, grid support and thus decreased costs.
Smart Appliances • Respond to frequency drops and turn off for several minutes, giving additional time for reserve generation to be brought up or faults cleared. • Respond to price signals and utilize their storage capacity to provide load following and regulation services
1 Hour Wind Farm Output 195 190 185 Power Output (MW) 180 175 170 165 160 155 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (Minutes)
Microgrid Regulation • Water heaters, building climate control, refrigeration, clothes dryers, and charging EVs are all curtailable which will smooth regulatory fluctuations in their operation. • Can operate around the average required and provide minute to minute regulation for the grid without the customer noticing. • Provided to the utility for slight reduction in rates, and the utility can then dispatch more of their own generation for more profits.
Microgrid Load Following • Appliances with longer curtailable capacities allows the utility time to schedule intermittent resources. • Neural Network controllers will adaptively determine the allowable amount based on usage history, price of service, system reliability state, etc.
Microgrid Spinning Reserve Bus 25 frequency 60.1 60 Load control @ t = 1 sec: 59.9 loads +5% 59.8 Hz 59.7 @ t = 40 sec: No load control 59.6 loads +15% 59.5 59.4 59.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (sec) from Trudnowski et al. IEEE PES. 2005. (http://gridwise.pnl.gov/docs/pnnlsa44073.pdf) Rob Pratt 28 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Microgrid Dispatch • Multiple microgrids can be optimally dispatched to reduce costs even without taking into account the ancillary services (load following, regulation, spinning reserve).
Microgrid Dispatch Power Produced From Microgrid Generators System Prices 6 120 P1 Q1 5 P2 100 Q2 4 80 Price ($/MWh) 3 kW 60 2 40 1 20 0 0 -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time (15 minutes) Time (15 minute intervals) Battery Output Power Controlable Load Curtailment 2 0.6 MG1 MG1 MG2 MG2 0.4 1.5 0.2 1 0 kW kW -0.2 0.5 -0.4 0 -0.6 -0.8 -0.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time (15 minute intervals) Time (15 minute intervals)
Thank you Questions?
Sources • Prof. El-Sharkawi’s slides • Al Gore picture: http://techluver.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/al- gore.jpg • RPS standards: http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/imageSnag/rps_feb07.png • Tesla Roadster Picture: http://mkrstovic.com/images/Tesla-Roadster.jpg • Solar House: http://i160.photobucket.com/albums/t175/jcwinni/4byf877.jpg • Robocop: http://geekofalltrades.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/robocop- 792844bmp.jpg • Gorilla: http://askbobrankin.com/myspace-gorilla.jpg • Utility Workers: http://www.opuda.org/images/linemen300px.jpg • Wind Turbine on House: http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/wall-mounted- d400-wind-turbine.jpg • Micro hydro: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/images/events/1158-micro- hydro-power.jpg • Charging Teslas: http://www.treehugger.com/tesla-roadster-charging001.jpg
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