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IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Smart metering architecture to enable and simulate novel services in smart grids Edoardo Patti Francesco Arrigo Dept. Of Control and Computer Dept. of Energy Engineering,

  1. Enabling technologies Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a global infrastructure for the Information Society, enabling advanced services by IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on, existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies. Geographical Information System (GIS) is an advanced cartography that maps the geographical location of buildings, energy distribution networks and IoT devices. Middleware is distributed software to provide functionalities to aggregate and filter the received data from the hardware devices, perform information discovery and accessing devices. Cloud computing is an IT paradigm to enable ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources (e.g. servers, (ISGT 2017) storages and applications), which can be rapidly provisioned over the Internet. September 26 th , 2017 21

  2. Outline Introduction on Smart Metering Infrastructure o Flexmeter platform: a real-world case study o IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies infrastructure IoT-based real-time co-simulation architecture o Presentation of services and applications o (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 22

  3. What is Flexmeter? Flexmeter is a flexible Smart Metering Infrastructure for multiple energy vectors with active prosumers. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Flexmeter is a distributed software to manage heterogeneous data- sources and perform (near-)real-time data processing by exploiting: multi-service to provide general purpose services; • substation meters to improve fault tolerance and demand • response capabilities considering local electric generation and storage; advanced Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) techniques to • profile user behaviours; demand response algorithms that exploit information about • energy flows from the meters and the NILM profiles. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 23

  4. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT 2017) Flexmeter’s approach September 26 th , 2017 24

  5. Flexmeter’s approach IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Flexmeter integrates meters at substation and the user premises. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 25

  6. Flexmeter’s approach IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Flexmeter integrates meters at substation and the user premises. The central cloud: collects data from different meters; • (ISGT 2017) post-processes incoming information ; • provides a set of API and tools to foster novel services. • September 26 th , 2017 26

  7. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration REST API Interface Manager Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer It enables the Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage interoperability across Event Sources Command Destinations heterogeneous devices Message Broker and simulators (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 27

  8. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration REST API Interface Manager Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 28

  9. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration REST API Interface Manager It provides a Device Manager Publish/Subscribe Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer communication Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline approach trough MQTT Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 29

  10. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration It integrate different non- REST API Interface Manager relational databases for Device Manager Big Data management. Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 30

  11. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration It manages interactions with REST API Interface Manager devices allowing bi-directional communication Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 31

  12. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration It manages different information regarding people, places and things REST API Interface Manager Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 32

  13. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration It handles the interactions between devices and application REST API Interface Manager Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 33

  14. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer It provides REST web services to Network access information and manage Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration entities in the platform REST API Interface Manager Device Manager Middleware Assets Manager Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 34

  15. Flexmeter’s approach The Flexmeter has been developed following the microservices approach. It is organized in three layers: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • Device Integration Layer • Middleware Layer Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response • Application Layer Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration REST API Interface Manager It provides a set of tools Device Manager and API to develop Middleware Assets Manager Services Communication Engine Layer Inbound Pipeline Outbound Pipeline Data storage Event Sources Command Destinations Message Broker (ISGT 2017) Hardware Data Sources Real-Time Simulator Data Sources Integration Device Layer OPAL RT Wi-Fi ZigBee PLC 6LowPan RTDS September 26 th , 2017 35

  16. Impacts on end-users The end-user benefits are: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies knowing the disaggregated energy of • appliances ; being aware of consumption for each • appliance in terms of energy, money and CO 2 footprints; discovering the most inefficient appliance ; • comparing the disaggregated appliance • consumption among different time periods; • observing the energy consumption in real-time and receiving alarms when the energy situation is not as expected. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 36

  17. Impacts on utility providers and energy operators The benefits of utility providers and energy operators are: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • profiling consumer energy behaviours for predicting energy demand in the short term; • offering personalized pricing policies to consumers after profiling; providing more efficient demand response • strategies to optimize the energy management during peak periods balancing the consumers’ energy loads; • simulate new control policies with (near-) real-time data; • observing the energy consumption in real-time and receiving alarms when the energy situation is not as expected (e.g. energy thefts) (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 37

  18. Performance IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latency for sending commands Latency for MQTT data transmission (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 38

  19. Performance IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies CPU occupation over the time CPU occupation over the time (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 39

  20. Outline Introduction on Smart Metering Infrastructure o Flexmeter platform: a real-world case study o IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies infrastructure IoT-based real-time co-simulation architecture o Presentation of services and applications o (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 40

  21. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Overview To simulate new services a flexible distributed infrastructure for real- time co-simulations in smart grids is needed IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Control and Advantages: Physical Load Generation devices/ management Simulator Simulator simulate new power • algorithms systems systems study interoperability • Communication Adapter among different services MQTT exploiting (near-) real- • publisher time data from smart TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber MQTT meters via SMI REST message Real-time adapter broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) The platform is flexible and open to include, replace, or enhance the modules for any new use cases/scenarios. September 26 th , 2017 41

  22. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Real-Time Simulator The Real-Time Simulator (RTS) reproduces the behaviour of a real electric distribution system used to validate: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies new technologies • management algorithms • Control and Physical Load Generation devices/ management control strategies Simulator Simulator • algorithms systems RTS performs software in-the- loop or hardware in-the-loop Communication Adapter simulations MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber Example of RTS are RTDS or MQTT REST message Real-time adapter OPAL-RT broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 42

  23. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Communication Adapter The Communication adapter enables data exchange among RTS and other modules exploiting: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies publish/subscribe • request/response • Control and Physical Load Generation devices/ management Simulator Simulator algorithms systems It translates information from JOSN to RTS data-format Communication Adapter MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber MQTT REST message Real-time adapter broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 43

  24. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Communication Adapter The Communication adapter allows the integration of RTS with SMI. Each simulated grid component is seen by other modules as an IoT device able to send and receive data IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT 2017) Real-Time Simulator Data Sources OPAL RT RTDS September 26 th , 2017 44

  25. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Load and Generation Simulator Load and Generation Simulator push time-variant inputs into the running model. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies They work as publisher and can Control and Physical Load Generation devices/ management be replaced by IoT devices Simulator Simulator algorithms systems without affecting the rest of the platform Communication Adapter MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber MQTT REST message Real-time adapter broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 45

  26. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Physical devices/systems The Physical devices/system module foresees the integration with real devices through: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Hardware in the Loop • Smart Metering • Control and Physical Load Generation devices/ management Infrastructure in-the- Simulator Simulator algorithms systems Loop Communication Adapter MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber MQTT REST message Real-time adapter broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 46

  27. Real-time co-simulation architecture: Control and Management Algorithms The Control and Management Algorithms is a box where services run and can be tested within the platform IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Control and Physical Load Generation devices/ management Simulator Simulator algorithms systems Communication Adapter MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT module subscriber MQTT REST message Real-time adapter broker Simulator (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 47

  28. Use-case example Implementation example of Photovoltaic penetration in cities with distributed storage management IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Communication Adapter Load profiles MQTT publisher TCP/UDP MQTT MQTT module subscriber message REST Battery management broker Real-time adapter Simulator Photovoltaic (ISGT 2017) simulator September 26 th , 2017 48

  29. Use-case example 220 kV 63 MVA 63 MVA 55 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204871 204874 203294 205358 203890 208221 203548 204228 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2052802 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 203319 203844 204730 204201 204514 203323 204621 204748 204216 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 205271 203975 203202 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 208265 203385 205351 203874 203558 203137 203202 1 203765 11 204171 21 204730 31 205428 41 203923 203294 2 203844 12 204193 22 204748 32 205638 42 203137 3 203845 13 204201 23 204813 33 208221 43 203921 203319 4 203874 14 204216 24 204834 34 203323 5 203890 15 204220 25 204871 35 205304 203324 6 203921 16 204228 26 204874 36 203385 7 203923 17 204249 27 205024 37 204220 203548 8 203937 18 204514 28 205304 38 203558 9 203974 19 204621 29 205351 39 203615 10 203975 20 204716 30 205358 40 205638 (ISGT 2017) 203937 MV distribution grid (RTS) September 26 th , 2017 49

  30. Use-case example 220 kV 63 MVA 63 MVA 55 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204871 204874 203294 205358 203890 208221 203548 204228 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2052802 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 203319 203844 204730 204201 204514 203323 204621 204748 204216 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 205271 203975 203202 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 208265 203385 205351 203874 203558 203137 203202 1 203765 11 204171 21 204730 31 205428 41 203923 203294 2 203844 12 204193 22 204748 32 205638 42 203137 3 203845 13 204201 23 204813 33 208221 43 203921 203319 4 203874 14 204216 24 204834 34 203323 5 203890 15 204220 25 204871 35 205304 203324 6 203921 16 204228 26 204874 36 203385 7 203923 17 204249 27 205024 37 204220 203548 8 203937 18 204514 28 205304 38 203558 9 203974 19 204621 29 205351 39 203615 10 203975 20 204716 30 205358 40 205638 (ISGT 2017) 203937 MV distribution grid (RTS) September 26 th , 2017 50

  31. Use-case example 220 kV 63 MVA 63 MVA 55 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204871 204874 203294 205358 203890 208221 203548 204228 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2052802 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 203319 203844 204730 204201 204514 203323 204621 204748 204216 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 205271 203975 203202 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 208265 203385 205351 203874 203558 203137 Input for substation 203202 1 203765 11 204171 21 204730 31 205428 41 203923 203294 2 203844 12 204193 22 204748 32 205638 42 (Load and PV simulators) 203137 3 203845 13 204201 23 204813 33 208221 43 203921 203319 4 203874 14 204216 24 204834 34 203323 5 203890 15 204220 25 204871 35 205304 203324 6 203921 16 204228 26 204874 36 203385 7 203923 17 204249 27 205024 37 204220 203548 8 203937 18 204514 28 205304 38 203558 9 203974 19 204621 29 205351 39 203615 10 203975 20 204716 30 205358 40 205638 (ISGT 2017) 203937 MV distribution grid (RTS) September 26 th , 2017 51

  32. Use-case example 220 kV 63 MVA 63 MVA 55 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204871 204874 203294 205358 203890 208221 203548 204228 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2052802 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 203319 203844 204730 204201 204514 203323 204621 204748 204216 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 205271 203975 203202 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 208265 203385 205351 203874 203558 203137 203202 1 203765 11 204171 21 204730 31 205428 41 203923 203294 2 203844 12 204193 22 204748 32 205638 42 203137 3 203845 13 204201 23 204813 33 208221 43 203921 203319 4 203874 14 204216 24 204834 34 Net consumption power with and without 203323 5 203890 15 204220 25 204871 35 205304 203324 6 203921 16 204228 26 204874 36 storage (Battery Management) 203385 7 203923 17 204249 27 205024 37 204220 203548 8 203937 18 204514 28 205304 38 203558 9 203974 19 204621 29 205351 39 203615 10 203975 20 204716 30 205358 40 205638 (ISGT 2017) 203937 MV distribution grid (RTS) September 26 th , 2017 52

  33. Use-case example 220 kV 63 MVA 63 MVA 55 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204871 204874 203294 205358 203890 208221 203548 204228 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2052802 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 203319 203844 204730 204201 204514 203323 204621 204748 204216 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 205271 203975 203202 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 208265 203385 205351 203874 203558 203137 203202 1 203765 11 204171 21 204730 31 205428 41 203923 203294 2 203844 12 204193 22 204748 32 205638 42 203137 3 203845 13 204201 23 204813 33 208221 43 203921 203319 4 203874 14 204216 24 204834 34 State Of Charge profile of storage 203323 5 203890 15 204220 25 204871 35 205304 203324 6 203921 16 204228 26 204874 36 (Battery Management) 203385 7 203923 17 204249 27 205024 37 204220 203548 8 203937 18 204514 28 205304 38 203558 9 203974 19 204621 29 205351 39 203615 10 203975 20 204716 30 205358 40 205638 (ISGT 2017) 203937 MV distribution grid (RTS) September 26 th , 2017 53

  34. Outline Introduction on Smart Metering Infrastructure o Flexmeter platform: a real-world case study o IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies infrastructure IoT-based real-time co-simulation architecture o Presentation of services and applications o (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 54

  35. What is a Service? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 1 defines Smart Sustainable City as “an innovative city that uses ICT to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services…” IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies The British Standards Institution describes this innovative smart city as “an effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens” . The integration of physical and digital/cyber systems is widely known as “Internet of Things” or “Cyber Physical Systems” (ISGT 2017) 1 http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx September 26 th , 2017 55

  36. What is a Service? A smart city platform is an ecosystem composing of people, process, tools and technologies. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies It is a system of systems, where individual, heterogeneous, functional systems are linked together to realize and deliver novel services (features/functionalities) to end-users . Such services are bound to a specific context and stakeholders’ requirements . (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 56

  37. What is a Service? Services for Smart City can be applied in many application domains: Health • IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Energy • Transportation • Environment • Disaster recovery • Agriculture • Education • Infrastructure utilities • and many more… • (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 57

  38. What is a Service? ITU categorizes smart city stakeholders into: Citizens and citizen organizations (e.g. prosumers) • IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Utility providers (e.g. retailers, DSO, etc.) • ICT Companies (Telecom Operators, Start-ups, Software • Companies) Municipalities, City Council and city administration • National and regional governments • City services companies • NGOs • International, Regional and Multilateral Organizations • Industry associations • Academia, research organizations and specialized bodies • (ISGT 2017) Urban Planners • Standardization bodies • September 26 th , 2017 58

  39. Services lifecycle: Overview Services can vary in properties and level of complexity, based on the applicable use case. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies The lifecycle aspect of these services has to be modelled as: Service Definition • Service Design • Service Implementation • Service Delivery • Service Decommission • (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 59

  40. Services lifecycle: Definition In the Service Definition phase, the service is described highlighting the main features and functionalities. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 60

  41. Services lifecycle: Design In the Service Design phase, service’s requirements are analysed and IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies functions, features, interoperability with other entities are identified. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 61

  42. Services lifecycle: Implementation In the Service Implementation phase, information exchange and IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies interactions among system entities are ensured (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 62

  43. Services lifecycle: Delivery In the Service Delivery phase, service is continuously monitored to ensure meeting pre-set KPIs (Key indicators of performance). IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Potential service improvements are identified that can enhance the service itself or become new service(s). (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 63

  44. Services lifecycle: Decommission The Service Decommission phase includes activities related to IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies disposal or replacement of service or service components (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 64

  45. Services lifecycle: (re-) Definition The Lifecycle loop starts again for updating the service. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies A re-definition of the service could be needed based on potential improvements resulting from previous phases. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 65

  46. Flexmeter’s services IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Demand User Awareness NILM Application Response Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 66

  47. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) NILM is a methodology to IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies disaggregate individual energy consumption of appliances collected by a single smart meter. Non-Intrusive : customers to not measure individual appliance loads (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 67

  48. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) Benefits: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Deliver feedback and • visualization Cheaper than sub metering • end use appliances (Intrusive load monitoring) Application: Real-time energy/cost • feedback Energy management • load research • (ISGT 2017) equipment diagnostics • September 26 th , 2017 68

  49. NILM Approaches IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Event-based methods is based on detecting appliances On/Off transitions Non event-based methods try to detect whether an appliance is On during a sampled duration (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 69

  50. On-line NILM: Overview IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Machine learning technique: Event based appliance • detection in the loop approach Starts by performing full day load profiling : Results are used • to construct and update appliance models in HMM On-line: Short time window-based appliance disaggregation • (15-60) minutes Cloud based: Integration modules with Flexmeter using • MQTT and REST APIs (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 70

  51. On-line NILM: Approach Event based appliance Detection: Load profiling of full day length data • IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Events Detection (On/OFF) • Feature Extraction • Events Clustering and Matching • Smart meter On-line Event Appliance Disaggreg Based Models ation Appliance Detection Algorithm Appliances (ISGT 2017) Consumptions September 26 th , 2017 71

  52. On-line NILM: Approach Appliance Signature Modeling HMM: From the results of Event based appliance detection • IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Based on States of Appliances and probabilistic • transition between states Unique per appliance and household • Smart meter On-line Event Appliance Disaggreg Based Models ation Appliance Detection Algorithm Appliances (ISGT 2017) Consumptions September 26 th , 2017 72

  53. On-line NILM: Approach Near real time disaggregation: Discontinue Event based • IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Smart meter input (15-60) min • Sliding time window • Aggregate consumption • model: Smart From exported models • meter Analysis of aggregate • consumption On-line Event Appliance Disaggreg Based Using Factorial HMM • Models ation Appliance Detection Algorithm Energy Estimation • Appliances (ISGT 2017) Consumptions September 26 th , 2017 73

  54. Demand Response: Overview Accurate measuring can be used to unlock Demand-Response (DR) and Demand Side Management. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies DR permits achieving a temporary virtual power plant by changing the energy consumption pattern of consumers to fulfil grid operation requirements or economical incentives. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 74

  55. Demand Response: Overview DR-framework integrates Flexmeter with RTS: • to provide a (near-) real-time co-simulation platform for validation of DR-algorithms; IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies • to integrate real internet-connected smart devices at customer premises to retrieve energy information. It can be used in a real-world by replacing RTS with the real grid (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 75

  56. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Multi-Tenant Proxy Energy API Manager Algorithm Manager Data Demand Demand Side Demand User Awareness NILM Application Storage Response Response Policy Management Policy Layer Network Fault Location Outage Detection Reconfiguration REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 76

  57. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Multi-Tenant Proxy Energy API Manager Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand Storage Management Policy Response Policy REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 77

  58. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Multi-Tenant Proxy Energy API Manager Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand It retrieves energy data Storage Management Policy Response Policy from Flexmeter REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 78

  59. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Multi-Tenant Proxy It manages actions to be performed and Energy API Manager completed requests Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand Storage Management Policy Response Policy REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 79

  60. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Multi-Tenant Proxy It is the “virtual box” that contains and Energy API Manager executes DR-policies Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand Storage Management Policy Response Policy REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 80

  61. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies It offers REST APIs to request a new action Multi-Tenant Proxy Energy API Manager Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand Storage Management Policy Response Policy REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 81

  62. Demand Response: Energy Aggregation Platform The Energy Aggregation Platform is a “virtual box” to deploy or replace easily a DR-policy without affecting the rest of the framework. It consists of five modules. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies It manages authentications and creates new EAP instances Multi-Tenant Proxy Energy API Manager Algorithm Manager Data Demand Side Demand Storage Management Policy Response Policy REST Client (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 82

  63. User Awareness Our behaviours affect the environment . 7-17% User-awareness on energy consumption can positively affect the energy savings at home IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies through a proper user-awareness and ENERGY SAVE notification system. A participatory-design is needed to identify functional requirements, strengths and improvements requested 630 PEOPLE We defined guidelines to ergonomic 2 SURVEYS energy-aware Android application A FOCUS (ISGT 2017) promoting user-awareness and green GROUP behaviors . September 26 th , 2017 83

  64. User Awareness RELEVANCE PERCEPTION OF ENERGY AWARENESS 96% BACHELOR’s/MASTER’s DEGREE 95% 95% IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 24 – 29 YEARS OLD € 500 and € 699 BILL DISAGGREGATED INFO - MAJOR INTEREST PROFILES 82% BACHELOR’s/MASTER’s DEGREE 79% 79% 24 – 29 YEARS OLD € 500 and € 699 BILL IMPORTANCE PERCEPTION OF PROPOSED SERVECES 22% INEFFICIENT APPLIANCE 16% 16% FAULTY APPLIANCE UNUSUAL ACTIVITY Do you have any additional comment? (ISGT 2017) MONITORING ENERGY SYSTEM NOTIFICATIONS AND ALERTS POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT PRODUCTION September 26 th , 2017 84

  65. User Awareness IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Distribution of age of surveyed people Distribution of level of education of surveyed people (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 85

  66. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT 2017) User Awareness September 26 th , 2017 86

  67. Impacts on end-users The end-user benefits are: IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies knowing the disaggregated energy of • appliances ; being aware of consumption for each • appliance in terms of energy, money and CO 2 footprints; discovering the most inefficient appliance ; • comparing the disaggregated appliance • consumption among different time periods; • observing the energy consumption in real-time and receiving alarms when the energy situation is not as expected. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 87

  68. User Awareness IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Consumption Activity Main Activity Detailed Consumption Activity (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 88

  69. Outage Detection and Fault Location • Output: an easy to understand overview of the MV and LV network IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies status, and, in case of faults, an alarm indicating the portion of network and users de-energized. • Approach: The algorithm will get as input the measurements from the network metering system and from the users’ meters. It will integrate these data together and with the already available data from the HV/MV stations. The analysis of these integrated data will allow for providing the required output. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 89

  70. Basic Taxonomy (I) IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Fault detection: the process of Outage detection: the process of detection of the occurrence of a fault detection of the occurrence of an (ISGT 2017) (permanent or transient); outage during a permanent fault; September 26 th , 2017 90

  71. Basic Taxonomy (II) IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Outage location: a combination of Fault location: Finding the techniques which are applied to find location of the faults that caused (ISGT 2017) the outage area and the protective the resulting outage situation. devices involved in fault clearing; September 26 th , 2017 91

  72. Current implemented technology In conventional distribution systems, operators mostly depend on trouble calls, made by the customers whose electricity service is interrupted, to IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies localize outages. 1) Entering the trouble call information on forms; 2) Matching the information obtained from a sufficient number of calls with feeder configuration diagrams and maps; 3) Determine the upstream transformer from which the customers are served, the protective devices involved in fault clearing and the outage area; 4) Sectioning and reenergizing the lines, using signal injection devices, patrolling and finding outage evidences … (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 92

  73. Advanced system requirements Process of an advanced outage Process of a conventional outage management system: management system: Protection system Protection system operation operation and fault notification IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies and fault notification Fault location and Outage mapping and decision making decision making (some seconds.) (10-15 min.) Fault isolation Repair crew (some seconds.) dispatching and Repair crew travelling dispatching and Restoration of (15-30 min.) travelling Patrolling customers on healthy (15-30 min.) Patrolling (15-30 min.) sections of feeder (1-5 min.) (less than 1 min.) Fault isolation (1-5 min.) Repair or Repair or replacement Restoration of replacement (1-4 hrs.) customers on healthy (1-4 hrs.) sections of feeder (40-80 min.) Normal operation Normal operation (ISGT 2017) Future systems should be able to exploit fast algorithms and new metering technologies to solve outages in less than a minute! September 26 th , 2017 93

  74. Algorithms and new techniques For Outage detection and Outage location is enough that meters are able to send «last gasp» messages when sensing Voltage collapsing and deviced no more energized (we need UPS to make comunications possible). IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Fault detection is already intercepted by the activation of protection relays. Fault location needs new «fast» algorithms. In particular we have 4 families: (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 94

  75. Impedance based methods IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies The method is based on knowledge of the line impedences of the whole grid and on the Voltage and current Knowledge at the HV/MV substation. d is found by using iterative methods. In branched distribution networks; equivalent (ISGT 2017) networks for every path are computed and multiple locations can be found! September 26 th , 2017 95

  76. Voltage sparse measurement method Votage sags are even simpler, but they need more measurements point in the distribution grid to work in the best way. In particular we need to record the voltage sags/fault currents happening after the fault. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Then for each node a fault is simulated and voltage sags/fault currents are computed and compared with the measured ones using a simple index The node found with the biggest index is the culprit! For this system to perform well, we (ISGT 2017) need more measurements points and real time communication since uncertainties in measurements affects results September 26 th , 2017 96

  77. Proposed methods and Tests Two tests were used combining different grids and methods to validate these new algortihms functionalities and complementarities with the Fleximeter architecture. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 1. A voltage sag method in top of an impedance based method is used Software in the Loop with a portion of the Turin Distribution System to validate the FLEXIMETER architecture. 2. A fast fault method using voltage sags is constructed to improve the velocity of the fault location procedure. (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 97

  78. Test 1: Turin (I) The methods join the the good points of the previous methods overcoming their respective drawbacks. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Moreover it needs just two measurements points (at the HV/MV substation and another point, e.x. MV/LV station). The method provide only one result (like the sparse voltage measurement method) and moreover it is not affected too much by uncertainty measurements (like impedence based methods) (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 98

  79. Test 1: Turin distribution system (II) 220 kV 63 MVA 55 MVA 63 MVA 220/22 kV 220/22 kV 220/22 kV Voltage and current phasors 1551411 1551412 1551413 204946 204874 203294 205358 204871 are computed by using the IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 203890 203548 204228 208221 2052802 Discrete Fourier Transform Fault 204834 204171 203845 2052801 205024 Control strategy Location 203319 203844 204514 204730 204201 203323 204621 204216 204748 204193 204249 205428 204813 203324 Retrieved voltage and current waveforms 205271 203975 203202 for a single-line to ground fault 203333 204659 203974 203765 203892 203615 204716 205351 208265 203385 203874 203558 A SLG fault 203137 between 203923 substations HV/MV 203921 204813 and 205304 203975, 177 meters far 204220 from (ISGT 2017) 205638 substation 203937 204813. September 26 th , 2017 99

  80. Test 2: Fast Fault Location To reduce the time needed a voltage sparse measurement method is applied but without selecting all nodes but only the one which goes toward a bigger index I . IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT 2017) September 26 th , 2017 100

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