International case-study: Harnessing Smart Metering for Kyoto Compliance Jeffrey H. Michel Ing.-Büro Michel Heuersdorf, Germany Smart Metering West Coast 2006
87% of Germany‘s greenhouse gas emissions consist of carbon dioxide. After the country‘s Kyoto objective of -21% was nearly attained in the year 2000, Germany‘s domestic objective of a 25% aggregate CO 2 reduction by 2005 (referred to emissions have 1990) was abandoned after three lignite now risen to plants at Lippendorf and Boxberg were 17.4% below 1990 levels. dedicated in 2000.
Difficult Fulfillment of Kyoto Mandates in the EU Aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 states are diverging from a linear reduction path due to persistent deficiencies in emission European Environment Agency: “Only two Member reduction States — Sweden and the United Kingdom — expect that strategies. existing domestic policies and measures alone will be sufficient to meet or even exceed their burden-sharing targets. All others are projected to be significantly above their commitments with their existing domestic policies and measures.” (EEA Report 8/2005, p. 16)
German Lignite Power Plants Produce Three Times the CO 2 Emissions per Kilowatt-Hour of Highly Efficient Natural Gas Generation Annual Data: 11 million tons of lignite 13 million tons of CO 2 1 million tons of DeSOx gypsum 14 billion kWH • 2% of German power production • 3 times the annual generation of the Hoover Dam Kraftwerk Lippendorf near Leipzig, dedicated 2000
Germany: World Leader in Lignite Production
German Lignite Regions and Mining Output • Rhineland 100 MT/a • Lusatia 60 MT/a • Middle Germany 20 MT/a • Lignite tot 180 MT/a + Overburden 970 MT/a = 15 times the original Suez Canal (1869, 74 million cubic meters)
Lignite Mining for the Lippendorf Power Station More than 300 villages have already been destroyed in Germany by lignite surface mining. This number may exceed 400 by the end of the century.
The German village of Heuersdorf began developing a smart metering infrastructure in 1996 for enhanced resource use efficiency as an alternative to being devastated by lignite mining for the Lippendorf power station. A court decision in November 2005 has now sealed the fate of Heuersdorf. The village will be devastated by the US-owned MIBRAG corporation before 2009 in preparation for mining 60 million tons of lignite at this location.
Lignite Pricing Policies Power produced from German lignite is sold at national market prices. In the USA, the power rates in The profits from lignite power lignite mining production in Germany are states are generally not devoted to improving significantly lower demand side efficiency, but are than in coastal used instead for new generation regions. capacities and foreign acquisitions.
Diversion of Lignite Profits to Foreign Investment The Swedish state-owned Vattenfall invests in wind power and solar energy in Sweden using profits accrued in Germany from ecologically destructive mining and CO 2 - intensive lignite power generation.
Breakdown of emissions Public programs abatement strategies due to that promote disregard of real-time data energy efficiency generally focus • Energy demand is presumed to have on point-of been anticipated and minimized in a purchase cost-effective manner during decisions for manufacturing and installation. buildings, motor • Little regard is paid to ongoing vehicles, heating, consumption. generation, and • The inability persists to estimate the manufacturing frequency and intensity of equipment equipment. use, the observance of procedures for operation and maintenance, or possible deviations from specified system performance.
Controlling Consumption in Real Time The Sampling Theory requires that a control device operate at double the frequency of the process it is intended to regulate.
Implications of the Sampling Theory • Yearly power invoices (such as employed in Germany) allow only those demand variations to be detected with mathematical certainty that endure for at least two years. • It is impossible to recognize daily or even seasonal changes of power consumption on the basis of annual meter readings. • More frequent decisions on energy use are necessarily based in part on random information, which will inevitably misdirect a portion of available energy resources into ineffective or counterproductive responses, thereby reducing process efficiency.
Entropy: The randomness, or disorganization, that diminishes the effectiveness of any process • The term was first used by Rudolph Clausius in the middle of the 19th century to specify the wasted quantity of usable energy tha t is irretrievably lost to dissipated heat. • Norbert Wiener observed that the probabilistic formula for entropy H is the negative expression for an equivalent amount of information. ∞ H = - ∫ w(v) log 2 w(v) dv - ∞ • It follows that “ the processes which lose information are, as we should expect, closely analogous to the processes which gain entropy”. Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1947), p. 76.
Increased Information → Lower Entropy = Greater Resource Use Efficiency • Power bills are issued monthly in many countries (USA, Canada, Australia, Norway) to improve customer responses to changes in consumption. • Billing invoices may include easy-to-understand graphical comparisons of consumption data (www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/1997/97Dec/at_abill.htm). • Two types of comparisons may be employed: historic monthly data or cross-comparisons between customers with similar use profiles.
Historic Data Comparison Feedback Monthly Individual Data and Average Demand of All Customers
Cross-Comparison Data Feedback Demand of Neighboring Households
Energy Savings Realized with Monthly Feedback of Information to the Customer The Centre for Sustainable Energy in the United Kingdom has determined in an international survey of utility billing practices that the monthly feedback of printed and graphical data to the customer offers potential sustained energy savings of 5 to 10%. Simon Roberts, William Baker, Towards Effective Energy Information (Bristol: Centre for Sustainable Energy, July 2003), p. 4.
Real-Time Control using Smart Metering Technologies for Additional Savings • Continuous electronic monitoring and evaluation of power (and other resources such as heating oil, natural gas, and water) enables consumption data to be returned to points of decision in real time for interactive control. • The Energy Policy Act of 2005 in the United States recommends that “ customers be provided with electricity price signals and the ability to respond to them”. Normal consumption patterns can then be altered “in response to changes in the price of electricity over time”.
Benefits of Data Collection and Control in Real Time • With continuous data collection and intercommunication of current demand information, the customer becomes a functional component of the grid control system. • Preferred times of power delivery may be established by the utility company using either static time-based tariffs or variable time-of-use rates that fluctuate in step with power trading prices, thus improving grid utilization and diminishing required generation capacities. • Continuous data interrogation at all points of the grid allows power interruptions or critical load conditions to be pinpointed for rapid restoration of service. • Unforeseen restrictions (“contingencies”) of power generation or grid transmission may be countered by the remote control of load devices (water heaters, electrical appliances, machinery).
Provisional Directive 2005/.../EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy end-use efficiency and energy services Article 13 Metering and informative billing of energy consumption 1. Member States shall ensure that, in so far as it is technically possible, financially reasonable and proportionate in relation to the potential energy savings, final customers for electricity, natural gas, district heating and/or cooling and domestic hot water are provided with competitively priced individual meters that accurately reflect the final customer's actual energy consumption and that provide information on actual time of use.
2. (...) Appropriate information shall be made available with the bill to provide final customers with a comprehensive account of current energy costs. Billing on the basis of actual consumption shall be performed frequently enough to enable customers to regulate their own energy consumption. 3. (…) the following information is made available to final customers in clear and understandable terms (...): (a) current actual prices and actual consumption of energy (b) comparisons of the final customer's current energy consumption with consumption for the same period in the previous year, preferably in graphical form; (c) wherever possible and useful, comparisons with an average normalised or benchmarked user of energy of the same user category (...).
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