Slide 1 / 103 1 What is metabolism? Slide 2 / 103 2 What role do enzymes play in metabolic pathways? Slide 3 / 103 3 How are catabolic pathways related to energy production?
Slide 4 / 103 4 ‘Anabolic’ steroids were/are occasionally utilized by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance performance. Relate what you know about anabolic pathways to explain why these specific groups of people used these drugs. Slide 5 / 103 5 Are catabolic pathways endergonic or exergonic reactions? Compare the amount of free energy in the reactants to the amount of free energy in the products of a catabolic pathway. Slide 6 / 103 6 Explain the relationship between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Slide 7 / 103 7 Which type of pathway may occur spontaneously? Explain this in terms of free energy availability. Slide 8 / 103 8 What energy-storing molecule, created through catabolic pathways, can be utilized later as a source of energy currency? Slide 9 / 103 9 Which bond, in an ATP molecule, contains the most energy? Why is this true?
Slide 10 / 103 10 What has happened to a molecule that has been ‘phosphorylated?’ How do you know energy has been released in this process? Slide 11 / 103 11 Why is ATP considered a recyclable molecule? Slide 12 / 103 12 What type of cellular process may be powered by the input of ATP molecules? Homework
Slide 13 / 103 13 Suppose you were able to remove enzymes from their involvement in metabolic pathways. What changes, if any, would you be able to observe in the metabolic processes? Slide 14 / 103 14 What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic pathways? Slide 15 / 103 15 Would a bodybuilder elect to use a catabolic steroid or an anabolic steroid? Explain your answer.
Slide 16 / 103 16 Explain why it makes sense, in terms of energy content, that a catabolic pathway is utilized in obtaining energy from food. Slide 17 / 103 17 Which type of a pathway (catabolic or anabolic) needs to occur first, in order to supply energy for the other one? Slide 18 / 103 18 When coupled, do metabolic pathways result in a net endergonic or exergonic reaction? Explain your answer.
Slide 19 / 103 19 Which molecule contains more energy, adenosine diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate? Explain your answer. Slide 20 / 103 20 Which bond, in a molecule of ATP, is broken to obtain energy from the molecule? Why is this the case? Slide 21 / 103 21 Why does adding phosphate groups to the tail of adenosine monophosphate store energy within the molecule?
Slide 22 / 103 22 After providing a reaction with energy through phosphorylation, why does an ADP molecule get recycled back to ATP, instead of supporting an additional reaction? Cellular Respiration Classwork Slide 23 / 103 23 If cellular respiration is a process that yields ATP molecules, do you think this is a catabolic or anabolic pathway? Support your answer. Slide 24 / 103 24 What role do the molecules NAD+ and FAD play in the process of cellular respiration?
Slide 25 / 103 25 Why are electron acceptors necessary in order for NADH+H+ and FADH2 to release stored energy? Slide 26 / 103 26 Is oxygen a good agent for reduction or oxidation processes? Why? Slide 27 / 103 27 Suppose you are a scientist studying a newly discovered organism. You are asked to determine the type of cellular respiration utilized by this organism and determine whether it is an a) obligate anaerobe, b) obligate aerobe, or c) facultative anaerobe. Design an experiment to test this, and explain what results you would expect for each type of organism.
Slide 28 / 103 28 What is the net yield of ATP through glycolysis? Slide 29 / 103 29 Why does the citric acid cycle need to convert pyruvate to a different carbon compound in order complete the cycle? What is the scientific name for this process? Slide 30 / 103 30 What relationship exists between the CO2 molecules produced through the citric acid cycle and the pyruvates that begin the cycle?
Slide 31 / 103 31 Why does the citric acid cycle need to complete two rounds in order to completely process a molecule of glucose? Slide 32 / 103 32 Why is the reduction of FAD to FADH2 a significant result of the citric acid cycle? Slide 33 / 103 33 When analyzing the process of cellular respiration, it may help to compare the process to volleyball, with the first three stages being the ‘set,’ and the final stage the ‘spike.’ Explain why this analogy makes sense.
Slide 34 / 103 34 Considering anaerobic respiration, explain why primordial Earth had a higher concentration of CH4, H2, and N2S than our current atmosphere. Slide 35 / 103 35 Why is the creation of a proton gradient, through the electron transport chain, essential for the ultimate goal of energy production through oxidative phosphorylation? Slide 36 / 103 36 In what way is ATP synthase like a turnstile? What object would represent people in this analogy?
Slide 37 / 103 37 How are electron carriers NADH and FADH2 utilized in the electron transport chain process? Slide 38 / 103 38 How do you think the oxidative phosphorylation process would be affected by the lack of an electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? For example, what would happen if all of the oxygen were consumed during the process of phosphorylation, but reduced electron carriers were still available? Slide 39 / 103 39 Explain why the versatility of catabolism through cellular respiration allows organisms to survive in many different conditions.
Slide 40 / 103 40 Summarize the process of cellular respiration to describe how organisms produce ATP through catabolic pathways. Homework Slide 41 / 103 41 Life on Earth is sometimes described as a cycle by biologists. Explain why this ‘cycle’ can never reach a point of equilibrium. Slide 42 / 103 42 Which molecule contains more energy: FAD or FADH2? Explain your response.
Slide 43 / 103 43 Is the conversion of FADH2 to FAD an example of oxidation or reduction? Why? Slide 44 / 103 44 Suppose you are experimenting in a lab with an organism that dies in the presence of oxygen. Considering metabolic pathways, how would you categorize this organism? Slide 45 / 103 45 Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process. What information can you determine from this description?
Slide 46 / 103 46 What carbon compound is created as a result of glycolysis? Slide 47 / 103 47 What three energy storing compounds are created through the citric acid cycle? Slide 48 / 103 48 What is the net gain of ATPs from the breakdown of one glucose molecule at the end of the citric acid cycle?
Slide 49 / 103 49 When oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation can yield 3 ATPs per NADH and 2 ATPs per FADH2. After the first three steps of cellular respiration, we have 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. How many ATP molecules can these electron carriers yield? Slide 50 / 103 50 Why does the valence number of an atom of oxygen allow it to be a strong electron acceptor, enabling more copious energy production? Slide 51 / 103 51 Why is the creation of a concentration gradient essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
Slide 52 / 103 52 How would a condition that caused the inability of the previous steps of cellular respiration to create NADH and FADH2 affect production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation? Slide 53 / 103 53 Compare the process of oxidative phosphorylation to the synthesis or hydroelectric power through using a dam. Slide 54 / 103 54 Which carbon compound yields more energy through respiration, fats or carbohydrates? Fermentation Classwork
Slide 55 / 103 55 Why must organisms resort to the process of fermentation when electron acceptors are unavailable? Slide 56 / 103 56 Do obligate aerobes engage in the process of fermentation? Why or why not? Slide 57 / 103 57 Would fermentation occur in an organism that had an ample supply of electron acceptors? Why or why not?
Slide 58 / 103 58 It may be said that in an absence of electron acceptors, fermentation allows glycolysis to occur. Why is this true? Slide 59 / 103 59 Swiss cheese is produced partially by the process of fermentation. Hypothesize why Swiss cheese has holes in it when completed. Slide 60 / 103 60 Imagine you are working as a sports medicine physician. You are asked to devise a way that athletes could perform strenuous activity without the associated muscle burn. Provide a possible solution for this problem.
Slide 61 / 103 61 Does the process of fermentation itself produce any ATP? Explain. Homework Slide 62 / 103 62 In what way is glycolysis related to fermentation? Slide 63 / 103 63 What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation?
Slide 64 / 103 64 What role does anaerobic respiration play in the creation of alcoholic beverages, such as beer or wine? Slide 65 / 103 65 Why do your muscles burn during a strenuous physical activity? Slide 66 / 103 66 Suppose you are sitting in the lunch room when a neighboring student makes the claim that ‘eating bacteria would be so gross.’ You notice the student has just eaten a yogurt. How do you reply to this statement? Photosynthesis Classwork
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