Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis - PDF document

Slide 1 / 103 Slide 2 / 103 Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 103 Slide 4 / 103 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. allele contact inhibition kinetochore prophase (I) (II) anaphase (I) (II) contractile ring leukemia radiation crossing over lymphoma sarcoma aneuploidy cytokinesis autosome malignant sex chromosome diploid benign meiosis (I) (II) sister chromatid gamete metaphase (I) (II) bone marrow transplant spindle gap 1 (G 1 ) cancer somatic cell metastasize gap 2 (G 2 ) carcinoma mitosis stem cell transplant G 0 phase cell cycle mitotic phase (M phase) synthesis (S phase) haploid cell plate monosomy telophase (I) (II) homologous chromosomes tetrad centromere multiple myeloma centrosome independent assortment trisomy nondisjunction chemotherapy interkinesis polyploidy tumor interphase chiasma prometaphase cleavage furrow karyotype Slide 5 / 103 Slide 6 / 103 Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction Unit Topics Click on the topic to go to that section · Mitosis Mitosis · Cell Cycle Control System · Meiosis Return to Table of Contents

Slide 7 / 103 Slide 8 / 103 Why Undergo Mitosis? The big idea... Cells undergo mitosis for a number of reasons. Mitosis is a type of cellular reproduction where a cell will produce an identical copy of itself with the same number and Organisms use mitosis to: patterns of genes and chromosomes. · repair damage (as in scars) Meiosis , on the other hand, is a special process used to make · regenerate lost parts (as in the lizard who loses its tail) gametes (sex cells like sperm and eggs). These cells have half · grow in size the number of chromosomes of the original cell, and each is · reproduce asexually unique. Slide 9 / 103 Slide 10 / 103 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 1Which one of the following is NOT a function of mitosis? The eukaryotic cell cycle has A growth two major divisions: Interphase and the Mitotic B generation of lost parts phase . C asexual reproduction During interphase the cell metabolic activity is very high. D tissue repair It is busy growing and copying it DNA and organelles so it all are correct E can divide. The mitotic phase is the actual dividing of the cell. It involves a series of steps (or subphases). Slide 11 / 103 Slide 12 / 103 2Which of the following occurs during interphase? Interphase A division of the cell Most cells spend more than 90% of the total time of the cycle is spent in interphase. B cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes There are 3 distinct sub-phases to interphase: C reduction in size of cell membrane D reduction in number of organelles · Gap 1 (G 1 ) · Synthesis (S Phase) · Gap 2 (G 2 )

Slide 13 / 103 Slide 14 / 103 Synthesis (S-phase) Gap 1 (G 1 phase) DNA replication occurs. The cell increases in size. At the end of this sub-phase, each The cell increases its supply of chromosome in the cell has doubled. proteins, particularly those used The two copies of a chromosome in the duplication process. remain attached at a central point called a centromere . Each copy is Duplication of organelles occurs. then know as a sister chromatid. sister chromatid centromere Slide 15 / 103 Slide 16 / 103 3 Thinking back to prokaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes differ Gap 2 (G 2 phase) from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they: A are circular in structure The cell completes its growth in preparation for division. B are simpler C are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus Increases its supply with even more proteins. D are copied after cell division Slide 17 / 103 Slide 18 / 103 4 Eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in the cell cycle in 5 If the synthesis phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the which phase? daughter cells would A interphase A have half the genetic material found in the parental cell B metaphase B be genetically identical C C anaphase synthesize the missing genetic material on their own D telophase D none of these answers are correct

Slide 19 / 103 Slide 20 / 103 Sub-phases of Mitosis Mitotic Phase Mitosis is further broken down into 5 sub-phases. After a cell completes its preparation for division, it enters the mitotic phase. There are 2 sub-phases to this phase - Mitosis (the division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm) . prophase metaphase telophase prometaphase anaphase Slide 21 / 103 Slide 22 / 103 · Arrays of microtubles called spindles start to · Nucleoli and nuclear form from 2 centrosomes membrane disappear (microtubule organizing centers in the cell) · Spindle is nearly completed and ready to provide a · Centrosomes start to scaffold for chromosomes to travel to the opposite travel ends (poles) of the cell · Chromosomes attach to the spindle at their kinetochores - · Nuclear envelope a protein structure at the starts to break apart centrosomes centromere region of the sister chromatids Slide 23 / 103 Slide 24 / 103 Centrosomes vs. Kinetochores · Spindle is completely formed Image of a human cell during division · Chromosomes align showing: on the Metaphase plate (the equator of spindles from the the cell) centrosome in green chromosomes in blue kinetochores in pink

Slide 25 / 103 Slide 26 / 103 7 Which of the following pairs is correct? 6 The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks apart is called kinetochore:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids A together A interphase B kinetochore:attaches to spindle; centrosome:holds B prophase chromatids together C centrosome:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids C metaphase together D anaphase centrosome:holds chromatids together; kinetochore:attaches D to spindle Slide 27 / 103 Slide 28 / 103 8 During which phase do chromosomes line up on a plane located along the equator of the cell? A interphase · Sister chromatids B prophase separate from each other at the C metaphase centromere and are pulled to the 2 D anaphase poles by the spindle fibers Slide 29 / 103 Slide 30 / 103 · Cell elongation Cytokinesis · Following telophase, continues the cytoplasm divides. · Nuclear envelope reappears around the chromosomes · Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal · Nucleoli reappear cells

Slide 31 / 103 Slide 32 / 103 9During which phase does the nuclear envelope re-form? 10The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides is called A interphase A mitosis B metaphase B cytokinesis C anaphase C teloplase D telophase D spindle formation Slide 33 / 103 Slide 34 / 103 Cytokinesis - Animal Cells 11 Which of these is not like the others? A Cytokinesis B Telophase A ring of microfilaments forms a C Anaphase contractile ring around the outside D Metaphase of the cell. E Prometaphase The ring forms a cleavage furrow F Prophase which splits the cytoplasm in two. Slide 35 / 103 Slide 36 / 103 Comparison of Cytokinesis Cytokinesis - Plant Cells Vesicles containing cell wall material collect in the center of the cell and then fuse together. animal The cell plate forms from the inside out and turns into a wall between cell the 2 new cells. The membranes surrounding the vesicles fuse to form new parts of the plasma membrane. plant cell

Slide 37 / 103 Slide 38 / 103 Biotech: Nuclear Transfer Cloning 12 Cytokinesis in a plant cell is a result of the cell: Cloning is the process by which the nucleus of a gamete is replaced A spontaneously dividing with the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell, and the embryo develops through normal mitotic divisions. B forming a cleavage furrow in the middle In sexually reproducing species, C splitting from the outside in this process allows for the production of D a cell wall being created offspring which are genetically identical to the parent. Click here to watch a video showing somatic cell nuclear transfer. Slide 39 / 103 Slide 40 / 103 Summary of Phases of the Cell Cycle Review: Label The Sub-Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis Interphase · Gap 1 (G 1 ) · Synthesis (S Phase) · Gap 2 (G 2 ) Mitotic Phase (M phase) · Mitosis Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Cytokinesis Anaphase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prophase Telophase Prometaphase · Cytokinesis Slide 41 / 103 Slide 42 / 103 Cell Cycle Control System Three major checkpoints exist to regulate the cycle: at Gap1, Gap 2, and before Mitosis. Cell Cycle At each point, a signal that says "ok, you can proceed" is released. Control System If no signal is released, the whole cycle stops - this prevents problems in reproduction of the cell Return to Table of Contents