Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis - PDF document

Slide 1 / 103 Slide 2 / 103 Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 103 Slide 4 / 103 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. allele contact inhibition kinetochore prophase (I) (II) anaphase (I) (II) contractile ring leukemia radiation crossing over lymphoma sarcoma aneuploidy cytokinesis autosome malignant sex chromosome diploid benign meiosis (I) (II) sister chromatid gamete metaphase (I) (II) bone marrow transplant spindle gap 1 (G 1 ) cancer somatic cell metastasize gap 2 (G 2 ) carcinoma mitosis stem cell transplant G 0 phase cell cycle mitotic phase (M phase) synthesis (S phase) haploid cell plate monosomy telophase (I) (II) homologous chromosomes tetrad centromere multiple myeloma centrosome independent assortment trisomy nondisjunction chemotherapy interkinesis polyploidy tumor interphase chiasma prometaphase cleavage furrow karyotype Slide 5 / 103 Slide 6 / 103 Eukaryotic Cellular Reproduction Unit Topics Click on the topic to go to that section · Mitosis Mitosis · Cell Cycle Control System · Meiosis Return to Table of Contents

Slide 7 / 103 Slide 8 / 103 Why Undergo Mitosis? The big idea... Cells undergo mitosis for a number of reasons. Mitosis is a type of cellular reproduction where a cell will produce an identical copy of itself with the same number and Organisms use mitosis to: patterns of genes and chromosomes. · repair damage (as in scars) Meiosis , on the other hand, is a special process used to make · regenerate lost parts (as in the lizard who loses its tail) gametes (sex cells like sperm and eggs). These cells have half · grow in size the number of chromosomes of the original cell, and each is · reproduce asexually unique. Slide 9 / 103 Slide 10 / 103 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 1Which one of the following is NOT a function of mitosis? The eukaryotic cell cycle has A growth two major divisions: Interphase and the Mitotic B generation of lost parts phase . C asexual reproduction During interphase the cell metabolic activity is very high. D tissue repair It is busy growing and copying it DNA and organelles so it all are correct E can divide. The mitotic phase is the actual dividing of the cell. It involves a series of steps (or subphases). Slide 10 (Answer) / 103 Slide 11 / 103 1Which one of the following is NOT a function of mitosis? 2Which of the following occurs during interphase? A division of the cell A growth B cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes generation of lost parts B Answer C reduction in size of cell membrane E C asexual reproduction D reduction in number of organelles D tissue repair E all are correct [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 11 (Answer) / 103 Slide 12 / 103 2Which of the following occurs during interphase? Interphase A division of the cell Most cells spend more than 90% of the total time of the cycle is spent in interphase. B cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes There are 3 distinct sub-phases to interphase: C reduction in size of cell membrane Answer A D reduction in number of organelles · Gap 1 (G 1 ) · Synthesis (S Phase) · Gap 2 (G 2 ) [This object is a pull tab] Slide 13 / 103 Slide 14 / 103 Synthesis (S-phase) Gap 1 (G 1 phase) DNA replication occurs. The cell increases in size. At the end of this sub-phase, each The cell increases its supply of chromosome in the cell has doubled. proteins, particularly those used The two copies of a chromosome in the duplication process. remain attached at a central point called a centromere . Each copy is Duplication of organelles occurs. then know as a sister chromatid. sister chromatid centromere Slide 15 / 103 Slide 16 / 103 3 Thinking back to prokaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes differ Gap 2 (G 2 phase) from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they: A are circular in structure The cell completes its growth in preparation for division. B are simpler C are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus Increases its supply with even more proteins. D are copied after cell division

Slide 16 (Answer) / 103 Slide 17 / 103 3 Thinking back to prokaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes differ 4 Eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in the cell cycle in from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they: which phase? A are circular in structure A interphase B are simpler B metaphase C are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus C anaphase Answer C D are copied after cell division D telophase [This object is a pull tab] Slide 17 (Answer) / 103 Slide 18 / 103 4 Eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in the cell cycle in 5 If the synthesis phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the which phase? daughter cells would A interphase A have half the genetic material found in the parental cell B metaphase B be genetically identical C anaphase Answer C synthesize the missing genetic material on their own A D telophase D none of these answers are correct [This object is a pull tab] Slide 18 (Answer) / 103 Slide 19 / 103 5 If the synthesis phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would Mitotic Phase A have half the genetic material found in the parental cell After a cell completes its preparation B be genetically identical for division, it enters the mitotic phase. C synthesize the missing genetic material on their own Answer There are 2 sub-phases to this phase - A Mitosis (the division of the nucleus) D none of these answers are correct and Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm) . [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 20 / 103 Slide 21 / 103 Sub-phases of Mitosis · Arrays of microtubles Mitosis is further broken down into 5 sub-phases. called spindles start to form from 2 centrosomes (microtubule organizing centers in the cell) · Centrosomes start to travel to the opposite ends (poles) of the cell prophase metaphase telophase · Nuclear envelope starts to break apart prometaphase anaphase centrosomes Slide 22 / 103 Slide 23 / 103 Centrosomes vs. Kinetochores · Nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear Image of a human cell during division · Spindle is nearly completed showing: and ready to provide a scaffold for chromosomes to spindles from the travel centrosome in green · Chromosomes attach to the chromosomes in blue spindle at their kinetochores - a protein structure at the kinetochores in pink centromere region of the sister chromatids Slide 24 / 103 Slide 25 / 103 6 The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks apart is called · Spindle is completely A interphase formed B prophase · Chromosomes align C metaphase on the Metaphase plate (the equator of D anaphase the cell)

Slide 25 (Answer) / 103 Slide 26 / 103 7 Which of the following pairs is correct? 6 The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks apart is called kinetochore:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids A together A interphase B kinetochore:attaches to spindle; centrosome:holds B prophase chromatids together Answer C centrosome:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids C metaphase B together D anaphase centrosome:holds chromatids together; kinetochore:attaches D to spindle [This object is a pull tab] Slide 26 (Answer) / 103 Slide 27 / 103 7 Which of the following pairs is correct? 8 During which phase do chromosomes line up on a plane located along the equator of the cell? kinetochore:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids A together A interphase B kinetochore:attaches to spindle; centrosome:holds B prophase chromatids together C centrosome:makes spindle; centromere:holds chromatids C metaphase together D anaphase centrosome:holds chromatids together; kinetochore:attaches D to spindle Answer C [This object is a pull tab] Slide 27 (Answer) / 103 Slide 28 / 103 8 During which phase do chromosomes line up on a plane located along the equator of the cell? A interphase · Sister chromatids B prophase separate from each other at the C metaphase Answer centromere and C are pulled to the 2 D anaphase poles by the spindle fibers [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 29 / 103 Slide 30 / 103 · Cell elongation Cytokinesis · Following telophase, continues the cytoplasm divides. · Nuclear envelope reappears around the chromosomes · Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal · Nucleoli reappear cells Slide 31 / 103 Slide 31 (Answer) / 103 9During which phase does the nuclear envelope re-form? 9During which phase does the nuclear envelope re-form? A interphase A interphase B metaphase B metaphase C anaphase C anaphase Answer D D telophase D telophase [This object is a pull tab] Slide 32 / 103 Slide 32 (Answer) / 103 10The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides 10The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides is called is called A mitosis A mitosis B cytokinesis B cytokinesis C teloplase C teloplase Answer B D spindle formation D spindle formation [This object is a pull tab]