Security Council Resolution 1540 Security Council Resolution 1540 Security Council Resolution 1540 and Personnel Reliability Measures and Personnel Reliability Measures and Personnel Reliability Measures Dana Perkins, PhD Dana Perkins, PhD 1540 Committee Expert 1540 Committee Expert Unless otherwise specified, the opinions presented here are those of the presenter and may not necessarily reflect the views of the 1540 Committee, its Group of Experts, or the UN Security Council
Biological Threats Biological Threats • The dual-use nature of biotechnology impedes situational awareness • “Traditionally, there are also connections between state weapons programs and terrorist capabilities, and the possibility of non- -state actors acquiring weapons state actors acquiring weapons the possibility of non from a state cannot be ruled out…”- UNICRI, Security from a state cannot be ruled out Implications of Synthetic Biology and Nanobiotechnology, 2012 • Advances in science and technology may facilitate the development of effective bioweapons and further complicate existing non-proliferation and export control efforts intended to constrain access to, and proliferation of, dangerous pathogens and relevant dual-use technologies International nonproliferation, arms control conventions, and threat reduction reat reduction International nonproliferation, arms control conventions, and th initiatives serve as the principal means to prevent illicit trafficking of biological ficking of biological initiatives serve as the principal means to prevent illicit traf materials and technologies materials and technologies
Biological Threats: Biological Threats: Where is “ “The Perfect Storm The Perfect Storm” ”? ? Where is Intent Intent Motivation Motivation Commitment Commitment (CDC photo) USE USE Scientific/ Scientific/ Acquisition Acquisition Technical Technical Possession Possession Capability Capability
WHO WHO INTERPOL INTERPOL BWC BWC OIE OIE UNSCR 1540 UNSCR 1540 FAO FAO G8 GP G8 GP Individuals Individuals I I S S P P NGOs NGOs Industry Industry Governments Governments Academia Academia OSCE OSCE Scientific Organizations Scientific Organizations Professional Associations Professional Associations NATO NATO ASEAN ASEAN Australia Group Australia Group … and others and others … “ The human factor is a key element in any effective non-proliferation policy. Scientists…play an important role in this respect, for example in working together on projects that advance international, regional, or bilateral non-proliferation objectives”
Resolution 1540 (2004): Resolution 1540 (2004): Binding Obligations on All States Binding Obligations on All States and Synergy with International Regimes and Synergy with International Regimes Resolution 1540 (2004) imposes binding obligations on all States to adopt legislation to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological biological weapons, and their means of delivery, and establish appropriate domestic establish appropriate domestic weapons controls over related materials to prevent their illicit trafficking by non- controls over related materials State actors. “ … calls upon States to renew and fulfill their commitment to multi calls upon States to renew and fulfill their commitment to multilateral lateral cooperation, in particular within the framework of the International Atomic cooperation Energy Agency, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention , as important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of common objectives in the area of non- -proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for pea proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for peaceful ceful non purposes ”, UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), http://www.un.org/sc/1540 purposes Security Council Meets on Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction UN Photo / Eskinder Debebe, 28 April 2004
Resolution 1540 (2004) - - Highlights Highlights Resolution 1540 (2004) � National legislation on prohibitions (OP.1 & 2) � Domestic controls and enforcement (OP. 3a & 3b) o Accounting for, securing, physical protection o Border controls o Export and trans-shipment controls � Assistance (OP. 7) � Promotion & implementation of multilateral treaties (OP. 8) � Promotion of dialogue & cooperation (OP. 9 & 10) � Reporting (OP. 4) OP = Operative Paragraph of Resolution 1540 (2004)
The 1540 Committee The 1540 Committee The 1540 Committee The Committee established pursuant to OP. 4 of res. 1540 (2004) is known as � the 1540 Committee 1540 Committee the The 1540 Committee is a subsidiary body of the Security Council � Chair: ROK; Vice Chair: Vice- -Chairs: Chairs: Azerbaijan, Luxembourg, & UK; Members: Members: Argentina, � � Azerbaijan, Australia, China, France, Guatemala, Luxembourg, Morocco, Pakistan, ROK, Russia, Rwanda, Togo, UK, & US Group of Experts was established per resolutions 1977 (2011) The current Group of Experts � and 2055 (2012) “ “to assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate to assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate…” …” Ambassador Kim Sook The 54th formal meeting of the 1540 Committee, 1540 Committee Chairman 20 February 2013
The 1540 Committee and its Experts 1540 Committee and its Experts The • Tools: • Tools: • Receive and examine reports • Receive and examine reports o National matrices monitor to monitor to o Template for assistance implementation implementation requests o 1540 Committee website • Promote greater awareness • Promote greater awareness of resolution 1540, including of resolution 1540, including • Ways and Means: • Ways and Means: outreach and by outreach and by o Cooperation with other dialogue with Member dialogue with Member organizations States States o Outreach events o Visits to States at their invitation • Facilitate capacity Facilitate capacity • building and building and assistance by providing a assistance by providing a “clearing house clearing house” ” function function “ http://www.un.org/sc/1540 http://www.un.org/sc/1540
The 1540 Matrix The 1540 Matrix • Information is primarily from national reports and complemented by official government information, including that from intergovernmental organizations • The matrix template has 382 “fields” covering national activities related to the 1540 operative paragraphs • The national matrices are prepared and used by the 1540 Committee but national authorities may also utilize the template to identify gaps and areas for improvement to identify gaps and areas for improvement • National matrices are used as a reference tool for facilitating technical assistance and the Committee’s constructive dialogue with States on their implementation of resolution 1540 (2004) http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national- -implementation/1540 implementation/1540- -matrix/committee matrix/committee- -approved approved- -matrices.shtml matrices.shtml
Definitions for the purpose of Definitions for the purpose of resolution 1540 (2004) resolution 1540 (2004) • Means of delivery: missiles, rockets and other unmanned Means of delivery: • systems capable of delivering nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons, that are specially designed for such use • Non- -State actor: State actor: individual or entity, not acting under the • Non lawful authority of any State in conducting activities which come within the scope of this resolution • Related materials: materials, equipment and technology • Related materials: covered by relevant multilateral treaties & arrangements, relevant multilateral treaties & arrangements, covered by or included on national control lists , which could be used or included on national control lists for the design, development, production or use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery
Resolution 1540 (2004) and Resolution 1540 (2004) and national control lists national control lists “[ The Security Council ] acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations: … 6. Recognizes the utility in implementing this resolution of effective national control lists and calls upon all Member States, when necessary, to pursue at the earliest opportunity the development of such lists…” - UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), http://www.un.org/sc/1540
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