Communicating – Tabular + 25 + 40 + 50 + 20 + 10 Relationships of data in a table • As temperature of area increases, the greater the increase in the height of the plant until 44 ° C. After which, the increase in height of the plant decreases as the temperature of the area increases. Springdale Primary School 32
Communicating – Graphical A graph shows the relationship between two variables • Bar graph • Line graph – X-axis refers to the horizontal-axis (independent variable) – Y-axis refers to the vertical-axis (dependent variable) Springdale Primary School 33
Communicating – Graphical Ann conducted an experiment using five bar magnets to find out magnet is the strongest. She recorded her results in a graph, as shown below. Communicating & Analysing Springdale Primary School 34
Communicating – Graphical Which is the strongest bar magnet? Explain your answer. • Bar magnet C is the strongest magnet because it is able to attract the most number of thumbtacks. Communicating & Analysing Springdale Primary School 35
Communicating – Graphical Bee Ling used the electrical method to turn an iron nail into a magnet. She recorded her results in a graph as shown below. Communicating, Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 36
Communicating – Graphical What does the graph tell you about the relationship between the number of coils and the number of thumbtacks? As the number of coils around the iron nail increases, the number of thumbtacks attracted increases. Communicating, Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 37
Communicating – Graphical Jane carried out an experiment with two solids, A and B. She heated up A and B at the same time with the same amount of heat. Heat is supplied throughout the experiment. The graphs below shows the temperatures of A and B as they are being heated up. Communicating Springdale Primary School 38
Communicating – Graphical Answer : ( ) Communicating Springdale Primary School 39
Predicting • Assessing the likelihood of an outcome based on prior knowledge of how many things usually turn out Springdale Primary School 40
Predicting Nick learnt in his Science lesson that bacteria present in the air cause food to turn bad. He also learnt that when food is exposed to more air, food turns bad faster. Nick carried out an experiment using a packet of milk and 3 set-ups shown below. milk Communicating & Predicting Springdale Primary School 41
Predicting He put the same amount of milk in three test tubes and left the tubes at room temperature. For each set-up, he recorded the number of hours for the milk to first turn bad. Which one of the following shows the correct order in which the milk in the set-ups turned bad, starting from the shortest time to the longest time? (1) A, B, C (2) A, C, B (3) C, B, A Answer : ( ) (4) C, A, B Communicating & Predicting Springdale Primary School 42
Analysing & Inferring • Identifying parts of objects, information of processes, and the patterns and relationships between these parts Inferring • Interpreting or explaining observations or pieces of data or information Springdale Primary School 43
Analysing & Inferring In an experiment, Johan placed two identical kettles on two metal plates of the same material with different surfaces. The kettles contained the same amount of water at room temperature. The plates were heated from below. Springdale Primary School Analysing & Inferring 44
Analysing & Inferring In which kettle, A or B, would the water boil first? Give a reason for your answer. Kettle A. A greater surface area of the kettle A is in contact with the metal plate than kettle B, thus allowing it to gain more heat than kettle B. Springdale Primary School Analysing & Inferring 45
Analysing & Inferring In a desert, snakes crawl on the hot sand while lizards run using two of its four legs. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 46
Analysing & Inferring Based on this observation, give two reasons why this lizard can move over a longer distance on hot sand compared to the snake in a desert. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 47
Analysing & Inferring Reason 1 – The lizard has lesser surface of its body in contact with the hot sand (structural adaptation). Reason 2 – The lizard runs unlike the snake, so it has less time in contact with the hot sand and gains less heat from it within the same period of time (behavourial adaptation). Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 48
Analysing & Inferring Sally filled a test tube with some water. She placed the test tube in a beaker of water. The test tube floated as shown below in Diagram 1. When she filled the test tube with more water and placed it in the beaker of water, the test tube sank as shown in Diagram 2. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 49
Analysing & Inferring Give a reason why the test tube sank when it was filled with more water. The test tube is heavier when filled with more water. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 50
Analysing & Inferring A submarine is a type of boat that can travel underwater in the sea as shown in Diagram 3. It has tanks which can be filled with water. The tanks are fixed inside the submarine. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 51
Analysing & Inferring Based on Sally’s experiment, what should be done to make the submarine rise from underwater to the surface of the sea? Remove the water in the tanks in the submarine. Analysing & Inferring Springdale Primary School 52
Evaluating & Inferring • Assessing the reasonableness, accuracy and quality of information, processes or ideas • Assessing the quality and feasibility of objects Generating Possibilities • Exploring all the alternatives, possibilities and choices beyond the obvious or preferred one Springdale Primary School 53
Evaluating & Inferring Samy set up an experiment as shown below. When the metal clips were connected to the container, the bulb lit up. Evaluating & Inferring Springdale Primary School 54
Evaluating & Inferring State whether liquid P and material Q must be conductor(s) of electricity. Give a reason for your answer. No The current do not need to flow through the liquid P to light up the bulb. Yes The current must flow through the container made of material Q. Hence it must be a conductor of electricity to close the circuit. Evaluating & Inferring Springdale Primary School 55
Answering Techniques Springdale Primary School 56
Aim of Experiment What is Aim of experiment / investigation? Aim is a statement of the purpose of the experiment / investigation. Springdale Primary School 57
Aim of Experiment How do you identify the aim of the experiment / investigation? Look out for phrases in the question stem such as: “…to find out if…..” “...to find out whether……” “... to find out how…..” “... to investigate the effect of…….”. Highlight the aim of the experiment / investigation. Springdale Primary School 58
Aim of Experiment John wants to conduct an experiment using 4 set-ups, A, B, C and D, shown below to find out whether a rose plant takes in more water than a balsam plant. aim Springdale Primary School 59
Aim of Experiment Practice: aim Wendy wanted to find out how the arrangement of bulbs in a circuit would affect their brightness. She set up the following circuits A, B, C and D, using electrical bulbs and batteries. Springdale Primary School 60
Aim of Experiment Sometimes, the aim of the experiment is not stated in the question. By analysing the independent variables (the changed variables) and experimental results , you would be able to state the aim of the experiment. Springdale Primary School 61
Variables What is a variable? A variable is any factor or condition that can exist in different amounts or types. An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: Springdale Primary School 62
Variables • Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?“ • Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe / measure?" • Constant variables answer the question "What do I keep the same?" Springdale Primary School 63
Variables Jamie conducted an experiment using two seeds, X and Y, as shown in the diagram below (not drawn to scale). She wanted aim changed variable to find out how the wing span of the wing-like structure affects how far the seed can be dispersed. dependent variable Wing span Wing span Seed Y Seed X Springdale Primary School 64
Variables Wing span Wing span Seed Y Seed X constant variable She released the two seeds from the same height at the same time. Springdale Primary School 65
Variables Practice: changed variable aim Ahmad wanted to find out how the mass of a plastic toy dependent variable affected the time taken for it to fall vertically to the ground constant variable from a given height. What are the variables Ahmad had to keep constant to ensure that it is a fair test? Springdale Primary School 66
Variables changed variable number of leaves John decided to use set-ups A and B to conduct another experiment. Based on observation of the above diagram, what do you think the aim of his experiment is? Springdale Primary School 67
Variables changed variable number of leaves To find out if the number of leaves affect the rate of water absorption. / To find out if a plant with more leaves absorb more water than a plant with fewer leaves. Springdale Primary School 68
Variables John filled 3 beakers, A, B and C, with the same amount of water before placing an equal number of duckweeds in each beaker. He then added 1g of soap P and 1g of soap Q into beaker B and C respectively as shown in the diagram below. He then monitored the number of duckweeds in the three set-ups over 5 days. changed variable Springdale Primary School 69
Variables The results of his experiment are shown in the table below. dependent variable What do you think is the aim of John’s experiment? To find out if the type of soap affects the survival/growth of duckweeds. Springdale Primary School 70
Fair Test What is a fair test? A fair test is an experiment that only has 1 changed variable . A fair test ensures that the experimental results is only caused by the variable that is changed and not due to any other factors. Springdale Primary School 71
Fair Test How should students approach questions on fair test? Highlight the independent variable (changed variable) Check if more than 1 variable has been changed (more than 1 changed variable suggests an unfair experiment) Highlight / Identify the experimental results Springdale Primary School 72
Fair Test a) Why is it a fair test? There is only one changed variable , ________________, (write the changed variable in that question) in the experiment . Springdale Primary School 73
Fair Test b) Why is it not a fair test? There should be only one changed variable, ______________ (write the only variable that should be changed in the experiment), but ________________ (write the other variables that have been changed) has also been changed. OR There is more than 1 changed variable in the experiment, __________________ and _______________ (write the variables that have been changed in the experiment). Springdale Primary School 74
Fair Test c) How is it a fair test? It ensures that only the changed variable, _______________ (write the changed variable in the experiment) , is affecting the ________________ (specify the experimental results). Springdale Primary School 75
Which answer template, A, B or C should be used here? Springdale Primary School 76
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Which answer template, A, B or C should be used here? Springdale Primary School 78
Writing A Conclusion What is a conclusion? The conclusion of the experiment depends on its aim. When an experiment / investigation is conducted, data is collected. This data is used to ‘answer’ the aim of the experiment. The conclusion can also state the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Springdale Primary School 79
Writing A Conclusion How should students answer questions on conclusion? Highlight aim of experiment Analyse / understand the data Conclude based on the aim of experiment Springdale Primary School 80
dependent variable changed variable Springdale Primary School 81
Writing A Conclusion Practice: Based on the results of the experiment, what can you conclude about the number of bubbles produced and the distance between the water plant and the lamp? As the distance between the lamp and the plant increases, the number of bubbles produced decreases. Springdale Primary School 82
Reliability Reliability in a Science experiment A researcher will use as many repeat sample groups as possible to reduce the chance of an abnormal sample group that will skew the results. If three trials are used in an experiment and one shows a completely different result from the other trials, then there may be something wrong with the experiment. If the results continue to be wildly different, then there is likely to be something very wrong with the experimental design and the results become unreliable. Springdale Primary School 83
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Reliability To ensure reliability of the experimental results. Springdale Primary School 85
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Reliability To ensure reliability of the experimental results. Springdale Primary School 87
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Reliability What can Jaden do to improve the reliability of his experiment? Repeat the experiment a few more times and find the average ______________________________________________ time taken for the items to reach the ground. ______________________________________________ Springdale Primary School 89
QUESTIONS REQUIRING EXPLANATION Springdale Primary School 90
• For questions that require explanation, students must not merely state definitions of concepts. • Students must answer in accordance to the context of the question. • Students must use information/data in the question to support their explanation. Springdale Primary School 91
Using O-I-C strategy to answer questions. O = Observe I = Interpret C = Conclude (may not apply to all questions) Springdale Primary School 92
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Floor tile N. The amount of force needed to move the block is more showing that there is more frictional force between the block and the tile so it will increase friction between the bathroom floor and feet to prevent slipping. Springdale Primary School 94
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It reduces the surface area in contact with the sand so less heat will be conducted from the hot sand to the drinks. Springdale Primary School 96
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A. The reading on the datalogger is highest at all distances showing that greatest amount of light is reflected so the safety vest will be able to reflect most light to motorists to warn them of the presence of the worker. Springdale Primary School 100
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