Satellite observations of NO 2 and methane over U.S. oil and gas - PDF document

7/15/2020 Satellite observations of NO 2 and methane over U.S. oil and gas production areas Barb Barbara Dix Dix 1 , Joep Joep de de Bru Bruin 1, 1,2 , Es Esthe ther Roos oosen enbrand 1,2 1,2 , Ti Tim Vlem Vlemmix 3 , Colb Colby Fr Fran ancoeu eur 1, 1,4 , Al Alan an Gor Gorchov ‐ Negr Negron on 5 , Bria Brian McDonal McDonald 1,4 1,4 , Mi Mikhai khail Zhizhin Zhizhin 1,4 1,4,6 , Chris Christoph opher Elvidg Elvidge 6 , Pe Pepijn Veefkind 2, 2,3 , Pi Piete eternel nel Lev evelt 2, 2,3 , Joo Joost de Gouw Gouw 1 Con Contact In Inform rmation fo for Pr Presente ters: 1 Univ Univer ersity sity of of Col Colorado 2 Univ Univer ersity sity of of De Delft lft, the the Ne Netherla lands Dr. Barbara Dix, CIRES, Dept. of Chemistry, CU Boulder 3 KNM KNMI, the the Ne Netherla lands Barbara.Dix@Colorado.EDU 4 NO NOAA AA Dr. Joost de Gouw, CIRES, Dept. of Chemistry, CU Boulder 5 Univ Univer ersity sity of of Mich Michig igan an Joost.deGouw@Colorado.EDU 6 Co Color lorad ado Scho School ol of of Mi Mines Acknowledgements: Ronald van der A, Henk Eskes, Bud Pope NASA ACMAP program, Colorado Energy Research Collaboratory NOAA Cooperative Institute Agreement, Rocky Mountain Institute 1 Satellite observations of NO 2 and methane over U.S. oil and gas production areas Dix 1 , Joep Bruin 1, 1,2 , Es enbrand 1,2 1,2 , Ti Vlemmix 3 , Colb eur 1, 1,4 , Al on 5 , Barbara Dix Barb Joep de de Bru Esthe ther Roos oosen Tim Vlem Colby Fr Fran ancoeu Alan an Gor Gorchov ‐ Negr Negron McDonald 1,4 1,4 , Mi Zhizhin 1,4 1,4,6 , Chris Elvidge 6 , Pe Pepijn Veefkind 2, 2,3 , Pi evelt 2, 2,3 , Joo Gouw 1 Bria Brian McDonal Mikhai khail Zhizhin Christoph opher Elvidg Piete eternel nel Lev Joost de Gouw 1. 1. Mo Motiv tivation on and and back backgr grou ound 1 Univ Univer ersity sity of of Col Colorado 2 Univ Univer ersity sity of of De Delft lft, the the Ne Netherla lands 2. Satell Sa llit ite da data used used in in th this is wo work 3 KNM KNMI, the the Ne Netherla lands 3. 3. Emissions: ons: ob obse servatio ion and and sou source ce att attribut ution 4 NO NOAA AA 4. 4. Met Methane ane monit monitori ring ng metrics metrics 5 Univ Univer ersity sity of of Mich Michig igan an 5. 5. Summar mmary and and outlo outlook 6 Co Color lorad ado Scho School ol of of Mi Mines Acknowledgements: Ronald van der A, Henk Eskes, Bud Pope NASA ACMAP program, Colorado Energy Research Collaboratory NOAA Cooperative Institute Agreement, Rocky Mountain Institute 2 1

7/15/2020 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: U.S. oil and natural gas production … … is is at at an an all all ‐ tim time high. high. … is is was was at at an an all all ‐ ti time high. high. COVID-19 economic impact Data: Baker Hughes Production oduction and and drillin drilling activ activities ties vary vary on on diff differen erent tim time sc scales. ales. 3 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: U.S. oil and natural gas production https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/united ‐ states ‐ of ‐ oil/ 2019: 2019: U. U.S. is is the the larg larges est oil oil pr produc oducer er worldwide. worldwide. 4 2

7/15/2020 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: Atmospheric impacts What What are are the the at atmospheric spheric im impa pacts of of oil oil and and gas gas pr production? oduction? • NO NOx: nitrogen oxide = NO (nitric oxide) + NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide) CH 4 CH NOx NOx combustion  on ‐ site motors/transportation Source: VOCs VO Impacts: toxic (NO 2 ), air pollution  ozone/particle formation Lifetime: ~ hours • VO VOCs: Volatile Organic Compounds/hydrocarbons Sources: oil/gas/fracking chemicals Impacts: harmful to toxic, air pollution  ozone/particle formation Lifetime: ~ hours ‐ days • CH CH 4 : methane Sources: infrastructure leaks, venting, flaring Impact: greenhouse gas consumerenergyalliance.org Lifetime: ~ 9 years  NO NOx Air quality Ai quality  CH CH 4 Clim Climate 5 Trivia question #1 6 3

7/15/2020 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: NOx 0 1 several (but mostly in Dallas) 4 3 3 0 ● EPA sites with NO 2 and O 3 sensors Surf Surface air air quality quality mo monit nitoring ring in in O&G O&G production production reg regions is is very very lim limit ited ed. 7 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: Methane Wh Why are are levels levels of of methane methane risin rising gl global obally? ly? What is What is the the co contri ribution bution of of O&G O&G sy syste stem emissions? sions? www.eurekalert.orgmultimediapub128882.php 8 4

7/15/2020 1 Moti tivation tion and and backgr background: ound: Methane in the U.S. * * Some Some studies udies sugges uggest EP EPA emissions ssions are are unde undere restim imat ated 72% 72% of of O&G O&G sy syst stem met methane hane em emiss issions co come fro from pr production. oduction. www.epa.gov 9 2 Sate tellite te da data used used in in this this wo work Tropospheric opospheric Mo Monitori nitoring ng In Instrument Ozone Oz one Mo Monitori nitoring ng In Instrument (T (TROPOMI) (OMI) (O ESA Sentinel 5P satellite NASA AURA satellite October 2017 ‐ present July 2004 ‐ present 24 x 13 km 2 7 x 3.5/7 km 2 Resolution: Resolution: UV ‐ vis channel: NO 2 , HCHO UV ‐ vis + SWIR channel: NO 2 , HCHO, CH 4 Global coverage: 1 day Global coverage: 1 day 10 5

7/15/2020 Trivia question #2 11 2 Sate tellite te da data used used in in this this wo work How does Ho does a rem remote sen sensin ing sat satellit llite work work? Top of Atmosphere NADIR MEASUREMENTS air air CH 4 air NO 2 SATELLITE NO 2 NO 2 air SUN air backscattered CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 Solar Radiation air air CH 4 air CH 4 air NO 2 NO 2 Surface EARTH Column density measurement in units of: molecules per cm 2 or • • volume mixing ratio, e.g., ppb (parts per billion) Satel tellite te obser servations ations of of em emiss issions are are aff affected ed by by surf surface refl flect ectanc ance and and cl clouds. uds. 12 6

7/15/2020 2 Sate tellite te da data used used in in this this wo work What What does does a rem remote sensing sensing measurem measuremen ent me mean? an? Total column density = Top of Atmosphere air air Emission + NO 2 air CH 4 NO 2 CH 4 air NO 2 Background + CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 air air air Atmospheric chemistry + air CH 4 CH 4 NO 2 NO 2 + OH  HNO 3 air Atmospheric transport air CH 4 CH 4 NO 2 NO 2 CH 4 air Surface Satel tellite te me measur uremen ements of of em emiss issions are are aff affected by by back backgro round und co conc ncen entrations trations and and atmospheri at spheric chem chemis istr try and and transport. ansport. 13 2 Sate tellite te da data used used in in this this wo work NO 2 and NO and CH CH 4 over over O&G O&G pr prod oduction tion areas can area can be be ob ed fro from space. space. observ rved OMI NO 2 2018 QA4ECV version 1.1; www.temis.nl TROPOMI CH 4 TROPOMI 2018/05- NO 2 2020/04 2018/05- 2020/04 Level 2, offline; https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ Level 2, offline; https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ 14 7

7/15/2020 3 Emi Emissions: ssions: NOx source attribution 2016: Bakken Denver- Julesberg 2017: San Juan Permian Eagle Ford 2018: Dix et al., GRL , 2020 NO NO 2 ser serves es as as pro proxy fo for NO NOx emissions. sions. 15 3 Emi Emissions: ssions: NOx source attribution by multivariate regression Permian Basin NO NO 2 signal signal ca caused ed by by: NOx fr NO fraction fr from pr production oduction NO NOx fr fraction fr from dril illi ling NO NOx back backgr grou ound NO 2 = c 1 ∙ background + c 2 ∙ rig count + c 3 ∙ oil volume Dix et al., GRL , 2020 NO NOx em emiss issions fro from pr production oduction and and drillin drilling ca can be be attri attribut buted ed separat parately ely. NO NOx em emiss issions are are do dominat nated ed by by tho those fro from drillin drilling of of new new wells wells. 16 8

7/15/2020 3 Emi Emissions: ssions: NOx source attribution comparison with inventory Comparison with Fuel based Oil and Gas NOx inventory (FOG) Bakken Permian Basin Top ‐ do To down wn (sa (satelli lite) and and bot bottom ‐ up up (in (inventory ry) sou source attributions attributions agree. agree. Dominan Dom nant but but declin declinin ing fra fracti tion of of NO NO x em emiss issions co come fro from drillin drilling. Dix et al., GRL, 2020; Francoeuret al., in prep., 2020 GorchovNegron et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018 17 3 Emi Emissions: ssions: NOx from flaring Flaring volumes derived from VIIRS satellite night ‐ time images Dix et al., GRL, 2020 Elvidgeet al., Energies, 2015 NOx fro NO from flarin flaring co contribut ributes es ~5 ~5 ‐ 10% 10% to to tot total O&G O&G NO NOx emissions. sions. (NO (NOx fro from flari flaring is is not not (ye (yet) di discernabl ernable fro from space. space.) 18 9