Runoff Recharge Evapotranspiration GWD m 3 /m/d Rain 7.5x10 6 m 3 /d GWD m 3 /d
SGD Stream 310,000 300,000 Kah NKB HFP 210,000 W PH BP 68,000 62,730 55,000 15,500 12,600 6,850 2,500 2,100 - KahanaB NorthKaneoheB HeeiaFishpond BlackP PearlH Waimanalo
ANNUAL WATER BUDGET (mm) Leta et al., 2015
High-level aquifer - Wells, Springs Wetland groundwater Water Age: 40 ± 5 yrs Water Age: 39 ± 15 yrs Recharge elevation: 850 ± 150 m Recharge elevation: 330 ± 250 m Wetland surface water 10-50 % groundwater fed Recharge elevation: 420 ± 240 m
Fishpond water residence time 2-6 days Stream 2,100 m 3 /day Fresh SGD 317 m 3 /day Brackish SGD 2,200 m 3 /day
> 1 groundwater dominates
SGD source of allochthonous SGD source of allochthonous terrestrial and autochthonous terrestrial nutrients recycled nutrients Freshwater N >> Saltwater N Freshwater N ~ Saltwater N N N N N Sediment-water interface Sediment-water interface C C Salinity Salinity
R = I Q – C Q = Q SGD +Q R = 4,640 m 3 /day Q = 16 mmol/m 3 C oncentration = 0.6 mmol/m 3 I ntercept R emoval = 71 mol/day
SGD Stream 310,000 300,000 210,000 68,000 62,730 55,000 15,500 12,600 6,850 2,500 2,100 - KahanaB NorthKaneoheB HeeiaFishpond BlackP PearlH Waimanalo
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