EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON RUNNING EXPERIENCE AND PERFORMANCE Lim Ren Jie NIE 11 Cui Xinyu
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion
Introduction 14% Decrease Female < Male
Introduction Conditions of Music: Synchronous No Music Asynchronous
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion
Aim and Objective
Aim and Objective Investigate on the effects of synchronous and asynchronous music on Junior College (JC) students ’ experience and performance during 800m running.
Aim and Objective Synchronous music produces greater positive experiences and efficiency in running than asynchronous music. Adolescents can improve their exercising experience and performance tremendously with Application of music music application compared has a greater effect on adolescents exercising without females than male music. Hypotheses
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion
Methedology 1 2 Preference Participants Measurements 3 4 Data Lab Test Collection
Methodology •10 Females, 9 Males •Aged 17 -19 •Mean age= 17.26, SD age= 0.56
Methodology Measurements conducted: • Music selection using Brunel Music Rating Inventory-3 (BMRI-3) • Attentional Focus Questionnaire (AFQ)
Methodology • Self-selected pace • 3 X 800m interval running, with 10min break in between • No music condition first, followed by Asynchronous Music and Synchronous Music in randomised order.
Methodology 4 measurements: • Heart Rate → Performance • Attentional Focus → Experience • Rate of Perceived Exertion → Experience • Subjective Enjoyment → Experience
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion
Overview Experience Performance
Hypothesis 1 Performance: Hypothesis 1 Music > No Music Experience: :Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria
Hypothesis 1 Heart Rate Music condition Total Hypothesis 1 M SD Music > No music 183.95 9.34 No Music Asynchronous music 191.00 8.49 Synchronous music 192.16 9.06
Hypothesis 1 High heart rate → high intensity Reasons Participants get excited when listening to music
Hypothesis 1 Enjoyment (marginally significant) Music condition Total Hypothesis 1 M SD Music > No music 3.71 1.22 No Music Asynchronous music 4.21 1.06 Synchronous music 3.99 .80
Hypothesis 1 Attentional Focus (marginally significant) Music condition Total Hypothesis 1 M SD Music > No Music No music 4.47 2.57 Asynchronous music 5.53 2.27 Synchronous music 5.05 2.17
Hypothesis 2 Performance: Hypothesis 2 Synchronous Music > Asynchronous Music Experience: :Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria
Hypothesis 2 We theorised that motivational Hypothesis 2 factor is more important in Synchronous Music > affecting performance and Asynchronous Music experience than the tempo of music.
Hypothesis 2 BMRI-3 ratings Music condition Total Hypothesis 2 M SD Synchronous Music > Asynchronous music 36.21 3.45 Asynchronous Music Synchronous music 33.68 5.22
Hypothesis 2 Enjoyment Music condition Total Hypothesis 2 M SD Synchronous Music > Asynchronous music 4.21 1.06 Asynchronous Music Synchronous music 3.99 .80
Hypothesis 2 Attentional Focus Music condition Total Hypothesis 2 M SD Synchronous Music > Asynchronous music 5.53 2.27 Asynchronous Music Synchronous music 5.06 2.17
Hypothesis 2 Liking of a song matters more Reasons No pressure to follow beats of music
Hypothesis 3 Performance: Hypothesis 3 Effect on females > Effect on males Experience: :Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria
Hypothesis 3 Rate of Perceived Exertion Music condition Female Male Hypothesis 3 M SD M SD Effect on females > No music 13.20 1.48 14.00 2.12 Effect on males Asynchronous music 14.30 1.83 15.78 1.79 Synchronous music 13.90 1.60 15.89 1.62
Hypothesis 3 - BMRI-3 rating higher for females Music condition Female Male Hypothesis 3 M SD M SD Effect on females > Asynchronous 37.45 3.27 34.83 3.28 music Effect on males Synchronous 36.10 2.18 31.00 6.36 music
Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 3 More research can be done as other data does not have significant Effect on females > support towards this hypothesis Effect on males
Overview Introduction Aim and Objective Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion
Conclusion Conclusion 1. Music improves experience compared to no music. 2. Motivational factor of music affects experience more than the tempo.
Conclusion Future Study 1. Choice of music 2. Demographics
Conclusion Application 1. Physical Education 2. Foundation for future studies
Thank You!
Conclusion Acknowledgements We would like to thank our supervisors, Dr Masato Kawabata and Ms Bernadette Bree Ashley for their guidance and support throughout the research. Without your unwavering support, we would not be able to complete this research. We would also like to express our gratitude to our school mentor Mr Nicholas Wong for his assistance in writing the research paper and tracking our learning progress. We would like to thank Nanyang Technological University, Singapore for this research opportunity. Last but not least, we would like to thank the participants for their enthusiasm in participating in this study.
QnA slides
Limitations 1. Timing 2. Intensity of exercise 3. Human factor 4. Number of people
Methodology: Lab test No Music condition as the baseline → Prevent Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI) .
Conclusion Methodology: Lab test Asynchronous and Synchronous condition randomised → minimise sequencing effect
Methodology: Lab test 10 min rest time → Rest ratio 1:3 in interval training. Approximate % of Typical Range of maximum power exercise exercise-to-rest duration period ratios 5 – 10 seconds 90 - 100 1:12 to 1:20 15 – 30 75 - 90 1:3 to 1:5 seconds 1 – 3 minutes 30 - 75 1:2 to 1:4 20 - 35 >3 minutes 1:1 to 1:3
Table 1: BMRI-3 Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender (Significance between music conditions and gender) Music condition Female Male Total M SD M SD M SD Asynchronous 37.45 3.27 34.83 3.28 36.21 3.45 music Synchronous 36.10 2.18 31.00 6.36 33.68 5.22 music
Table 2: Heart Rate Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender (Significance between music conditions) Music condition Female Male Total M SD M SD M SD No music 183.20 6.83 184.78 11.94 183.95 9.34 Asynchronous 189.40 7.72 192.87 9.29 191.00 8.49 music Synchronous 191.00 8.35 193.44 10.14 192.16 9.06 music
Table 3: Attentional Focus Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender (Marginal significance between music conditions) Music condition Female Male Total M SD M SD M SD No music 4.10 2.77 4.89 2.42 4.47 2.57 Asynchronous 5.40 1.90 5.67 2.74 5.53 2.27 music Synchronous 4.60 2.32 5.56 2.01 5.05 2.17 music
Table 4: Rate of Perceived Exertion Means by Music Condition and Gender (Significance between music conditions and gender) Music condition Female Male Total M SD M SD M SD No music 13.20 1.48 14.00 2.12 13.58 1.81 Asynchronous 14.30 1.83 15.78 1.79 15.00 1.92 music Synchronous 13.90 1.60 15.89 1.62 14.84 1.87 music
Table 5: Enjoyment Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender (Marginal significance between music conditions) Music condition Female Male Total M SD M SD M SD No music 3.56 1.30 3.89 1.17 3.71 1.22 Asynchronous 3.99 1.16 4.46 .93 4.21 1.06 music Synchronous 3.89 .83 4.11 .80 3.99 .80 music
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