Retrofit alternatives for State Retrofit alternatives for State Houses in Cold Regions of Houses in Cold Regions of New Zealand New Zealand Maria Callau Callau, Tim Bishop & Bob Lloyd , Tim Bishop & Bob Lloyd Maria Funded by Funded by FRST FRST A research project by A research project by the Energy Management Group the Energy Management Group Physics Department - - University of Otago University of Otago Physics Department Dunedin Dunedin - September 2007
Grant # UOOX0206 Grant # UOOX0206 Thanks to FRST for funding this Thanks to FRST for funding this housing research project housing research project
State housing in NZ • “The adequate provision of good housing is regarded as one of NZs most urgent problems. But it should be emphasised good housing does not mean merely houses that are well constructed. They must be well designed for sun and light and air.”
Aims Aims Stage 1 Stage 1 Investigate the efficacy of the Investigate the efficacy of the HNZC standard energy HNZC standard energy efficiency upgrade package efficiency upgrade package for the residential sector in for the residential sector in southern NZ . southern NZ .
MENU • Stage 1 Introduction : Bob Lloyd • Stage 2 The next step in upgrade options: � The research agenda The research agenda � Maria Callau � Testing & Modelling Results Testing & Modelling Results � Tim Bishop Tim Bishop � Conclusions and a new modelling package Conclusions and a new modelling package � HOMES HOMES Bob Lloyd Bob Lloyd
Process Process • • Objective Objective � To identify improvements in houses participating in the To identify improvements in houses participating in the � Energy Efficient Upgrade Programme in southern New Energy Efficient Upgrade Programme in southern New Zealand regions. Zealand regions. • • Upgrade Programme Upgrade Programme � Started in 2002 /Ongoing for 7 years Started in 2002 /Ongoing for 7 years � � 400 pre 1978 houses per year in so 400 pre 1978 houses per year in southland uthland � � Focus on the weatherization of the building envelope: Focus on the weatherization of the building envelope: � − FLOOR and CEILING insulation − FLOOR and CEILING insulation − Draughts stopping − Draughts stopping − Insulating the hot water cylinders − Insulating the hot water cylinders � All houses had been retrofitted with c All houses had been retrofitted with ceiling insulation eiling insulation � during’ ’70s 70s (Macerated Paper) (Macerated Paper) during • • Two Samples of 50 houses each were monitored Two Samples of 50 houses each were monitored over 2 years period while the programme was over 2 years period while the programme was being implemented. being implemented.
Net Temp Differences - - June June Net Temp Differences • • Higher net differences were achieved in living areas after Higher net differences were achieved in living areas after heating was applied to this houses after upgraded heating was applied to this houses after upgraded • • 5% improvement in the number of hours above 12° °C in June C in June 5% improvement in the number of hours above 12
Heat losses through the Heat losses through the building envelope building envelope non insulated (original) 70s upgrade 2004 upgrade 200 180 160 140 120 W/ ˚ C 100 80 60 40 20 0 Ceiling External Wall Windows Floor Air infiltration • • Small reduction in % Ceiling losses after last upgrade Small reduction in % Ceiling losses after last upgrade
Findings Findings • Temperatures • Temperatures � Low indoor temperatures predominated Low indoor temperatures predominated � in winter… … <12 <12 o C for 48% of the time in winter o C for 48% of the time during winter during winter � Minimum temperatures between 5 and Minimum temperatures between 5 and � 5.4 o C (sample averages) 5.4 o C (sample averages) � Some improvement was found in net Some improvement was found in net � temperature difference after heating is temperature difference after heating is applied (0.4 o C whole year & 0.6 o C over applied (0.4 o C whole year & 0.6 o C over winter months). winter months).
Findings of first stage Findings of first stage • • Energy Use for Space Heating Energy Use for Space Heating � Little energy was applied for space Little energy was applied for space � heating heating � The occupants tended not to heat the The occupants tended not to heat the � entire house entire house � A small reduction in energy consumption A small reduction in energy consumption � was apparent after the upgrade (7%) was apparent after the upgrade (7%) � High losses occurred through uninsulated High losses occurred through uninsulated � walls and single glazed windows walls and single glazed windows
Findings of first stage Findings of first stage The HNZC upgrade The HNZC upgrade programme in Dunedin failed to programme in Dunedin failed to make houses sufficiently warm to make houses sufficiently warm to satisfy WHO recommendations satisfy WHO recommendations • Reasons were found to be: • Reasons were found to be: � The impact of an earlier 70 The impact of an earlier 70’ ’s s � retrofit did not seem to be retrofit did not seem to be taken into account taken into account � High losses occur through High losses occur through � uninsulated walls and single uninsulated walls and single glazing windows. glazing windows. � People don People don’ ’t heat enough t heat enough �
Comparison with other studies Comparison with other studies Monitored Indoor Temp & NTD ( ∆ T) - Aug/Spt Livingroom & Bedroom 20 Livingroom SNZ 18 Livingroom HEEP 16 Livingroom EMAN Bedroom SNZ 14 Temperature C Bedroom HEEP 12 Bedroom EMAN 10 NTD LIV SNZ 8 NTD LIV HEEP 6 NTD LIV EMAN 4 NTD BEDSNZ 2 NTD BED HEEP 0 NTD BED EMAN Auckland Wellington Christchurch Dunedin
Fuel Poverty Fuel Poverty • • Household fuel poverty is currently defined in Household fuel poverty is currently defined in Britain (DEFRA 2003 DEFRA 2003) as the NEED to spend more ) as the NEED to spend more Britain ( than 10 per cent of annual household income than 10 per cent of annual household income on ALL household fuel use. on ALL household fuel use. • • The heating fuel component of the household The heating fuel component of the household fuel use should be sufficient to enable the home fuel use should be sufficient to enable the home to achieve a satisfactory heating regime. to achieve a satisfactory heating regime. • • The UK definition assumes that a satisfactory The UK definition assumes that a satisfactory heating regime is one where the main living heating regime is one where the main living area is at 21° °C, with 18 C, with 18° °C in other occupied C in other occupied area is at 21 rooms. rooms. • • It is assumed that heating is available for 16 It is assumed that heating is available for 16 hours per day for households likely to have hours per day for households likely to have occupants home all day, and 9 hours per day occupants home all day, and 9 hours per day for households in work or full time education. for households in work or full time education.
NZ situation in 2001 % population in fuel poverty in NZ 2001 35% 30% 25% % of population 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Auckland Wellington Christchurch Dunedin
Urgency of improving the Urgency of improving the efficiency of NZ housing stock efficiency of NZ housing stock • • Alleviating fuel poverty is as priority in NZ, is as priority in NZ, Alleviating fuel poverty • • The incidence of fuel poverty and low The incidence of fuel poverty and low indoor temperatures are directly related to indoor temperatures are directly related to average ambient average ambient • • Thus in the cooler parts of the south island Thus in the cooler parts of the south island we need to go to the next step in terms of we need to go to the next step in terms of energy efficient housing energy efficient housing Stage 2 � Explore ways to improve the energy efficiency � of existing state housing stock.
Aims Aims Stage 2: Stage 2: Explore and implement energy Explore and implement energy efficiency retrofit options which would efficiency retrofit options which would help to achieve WHO recommended help to achieve WHO recommended indoor temperatures for the residential indoor temperatures for the residential sector in southern NZ . . sector in southern NZ
Stage 2: The research agenda Stage 2: The research agenda Maria Callau Maria Callau
I will talk about I will talk about • • Background Background � Achieving healthy indoor temperatures Achieving healthy indoor temperatures � � Heat flow mechanisms Heat flow mechanisms � � R values (elements & houses) R values (elements & houses) � • • Our analysis Our analysis � Calculation Calculation � heat loss & resistance heat loss & resistance � Testing Testing � � Modeling Modeling annual heating energy requirements � annual heating energy requirements • • Houses description Houses description • • Results of calculation of heat loss Results of calculation of heat loss
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