Water status of China Prospective application of microbial fuel cell technology in developing countries --taking China as an example Na Zeng Content Water status of China Status in China COD Discharge Distribution,2006 China Water Issue � Water environment Water deficiency � Energy � Unbalanced distribution Microbial fuel cell (MFC) � Low amount water resource per capita � Mechanism – ¼ of the world average level � Advantages Water pollution MFC technology potential � Industrial wastewater � Application (wastewater treatment, bioremediation, biosensor) � Municipal wastewater � Scale of application (centralized WTP, household, direct device) � Region (Environment Statistics 2006 Annual Report, Ministry of Environmental Protection, PRC) Energy status in China Composition of Energy Consumption Energy in China � Higher rank in energy stockpile amount in the world � Largest number of energy consumers � Coal plays dominant role � Small part of renewable energy resources applied (BP Statistic Review of World Energy, June 2008)
Energy status in China MFC Technology Potential Energy Consumption Distribution Application Scale Region Text to go here Text to go here Text to go here � North-South unbalance � Coal-based energy Application � Serious rural energy issue -rural energy supply low � Wastewater treatment commercialization -western rural villagers low – Effluent quality energy consumption � Bioremediation -about 10 million people – Sediment MFC (river, lake, coast line) without electricity – Constructed wetland fuel cell � Biosensor – Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Sensor (China Central Audio-Visual Education Center Resource Center) – E. Coli Sensor – Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Device Mechanism of MFC MFC Technology Potential Application Scale Region Text to go here Text to go here Text to go here Configuration � Anode Scale � Cathode � Centralized wastewater treatment plant � Proton exchange – Scale up, replace membrane • Activated Sludge (AS) bacteria • Trickling filters (TF) Electricity � External circuit � Household scale MFC (Energy) – Pit latrines and septic tank – Domestic wastes/wastewater � Direct current devices wastes (Rabaey & Verstraete, 2005) – Low-voltage appliances – Flashlight, fan, access to internet… MFC Advantages MFC Technology Potential Direct conversion Biochemical reaction Application Scale Region Text to go here Text to go here Text to go here Energy change from chemical installed in Function of microbial community substrate into electricity No need of extra energy input for aeration High conversion efficiency Region Lower operation and maintenance costs � Well developed area MFCs have the potential for widespread application – Wastewater treatment technology is more in locations lacking electrical significant than electricity generation before power infrastructures and also to density of MFC is improved Off-gases Fuel expand the diversity of fuels � Electricity lacking area (Logan,2007) – Getting energy from wastes gives a positive No requirement of gas treatment A huge range of resources can be aspiration � Main product is carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) used as fuel – Novel renewable energy resource is helpful to and water(H 2 0) � Organic compounds contribute into the new rural villages – No useful energy – No need of high quality • Less expensive than solar panels or wind – No contaminants • Wastes turbines • Easier to set up A makeshift microbial fuel cell: a bucket, waste water and a graphite sheet. Photo: Lebônê
Conclusion Prospective Application In China Northwest Southwest Northeast Southeast Development Less developed Less developed Developed Developed Remote area Remote area Water Deficient Abundant Deficient Abundant Less pollution Less pollution Serious pollution Serious pollution Energy Balance Insufficient Sufficient Insufficient MFC DC devices in the DC devices in the Centralized Centralized remote area, reuse remote area, wastewater wastewater application the effluent of household MFC for treatment (BOD treatment, household MFC water treatment sensor, bioreactor) bioremediation for the polluted lakes
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