Proposed Waste Classification Criteria of Chemicals released from Chemical Accidents : Development of Selection Criteria as Designated (Special Care) or Non-designated Chemicals Distinguished Professor Byeong-Kyu Lee, Ph.D. Ryeo Gyeong Youn, Sang Yong Jang, Yongsun Im Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
Chemicals in Daily Life http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=121215
Major Industrial Disaster Source: Ike Van der Putte, Overview of Seveso Directive and Safety Report Requirement, EUROTOX (2014) Seveso, Italy, 1976 • Manufacture of a bactericide • Runaway reaction • Emission of TCDD with dioxin • No fatalities, 447 burns, 737 long term evacuations • Severe environmental damage • Lack of information, no proper emergency plan Bhopal UC plant, 1984 • Pesticide (carbaryl) production. • Water entered a tank containing 42 tons of MIC. • The resulting exothermic reaction increased T inside the tank to over 200 C and raised P. The tank vented releasing toxic gases into the Atmosphere. • Estimates vary on the immediate death toll (3000-15000) 4
2005 Jilin Chemical Plant Explosion, China https://disasteropedia.wikispaces.com/2005+Jilin+chemical+plant+explosions A series of explosions occurred on November 13, 2005 at the Number 101 Petrochemical Plant in Jilin City, China. - The chemical plant’s explosions occurred for over an hour and affected hundreds of thousands of people throughout - the Jilin province and the rest of Asia. The blast and the subsequent fire killed at least six people and injured around 70 people. - Released into the river about 100 tons of benzene. - - The explosion eventually created an 80 km long toxic chemical slick made up of benzene, nitrobenzene, and aniline. - The chemical slick made its way up the Songhua River, affecting large parts of China and eventually made its through the Amur River and where it made its way through Russia.
Chemical Accidents in Korea, 2012 HF Release in Kumi Kumi Nat’l IC 2012. 09. 27, 15:43 HVG in Kumi Nat’l Ind. Complex Hydrofluoric acid (HF) release (8 T) During charging from 20T- HF tank lorry Kumi to storage tank in HVG, 8T HF was released. Damage : 5 died, 18 injury
Characteristics of Chemical Accidents Chemical Disaster => Chemical Disaster => Simple Fire => Physical Simple Fire => Physical Comprehensive Treatment Comprehensive Treatment Treatment Treatment Toxic gas Diffusion Suffocation by Hazardous chem. Leaks Combustion Gases Environ. Pollution Radiative Heat Building Collapse ▶ Complicated damages → Multiple agency involved ▶ Improper initial response → Fatal environ. disaster ▶ Direct costs < indirect costs ▶ Specialized response
5-year Study Scope and Goals 1 st year : Development of Management and Control Strategies of Chemicals • released from Chemical Accidents , Fire, and Explosions in industries and during Chemical Transports 2 nd year : Analysis of Information, Damage, and Control Strategies of • Hazardous Chemicals associated with Chemical Terrors 3 rd year : Analysis of Accident features, Damage, and Control Strategies of • Agricultural Chemicals during their Transports and Manufacturing 4 th year : Survey of contaminated facilities/wastes and their treatments of • hazardous chemicals (69 hazardous, terror and agricultural chemicals) 5 th year : Proper prevention materials against chemicals (69 hazardous, • terror and agricultural chemicals) from chemical accidents and disposal methods of chemicals and contaminated facilities
Total Chemical Emissions in Korea (Air: 99.3%, PRTR Data, 2014, http://ncis.nier.go.kr/triopen/) 60.000 50.000 Total Emissions 40.000 (Tone/yr) 30.000 20.000 10.000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
Number of Chemical Accidents in Korea No. of Chemical Accidents Year
Damage from Chemical Accidents in Korea Year Classification Casualty and cost death 11 people human damage 2012 injury 47 people material damage 55.4 M US$ No. of Chemical Accidents death 11 people human damage 2013 injury 70 people material damage 5.1 M US$ death 4 people human damage 2014 injury 234 people material damage 0.18 M US$ death 9 people human damage 2015 injury 97 people material damage 0.16 M US$ death 5 people human damage 2016 injury 120 people material damage 0.37 M US$
Analysis of Chemical Accident Types in Korea 1990~2009: Total 1,487 cases (Average: 74 cases/year) Release (478 cases: 32.5%), Fire (396 cases: 26.9%), Explosion (360cases: 24.5%), Miscellaneous (116 case: 7.9% Release +Fire + Explosion) No. of Accidents Release Fire Explosion 출처: 이지윤, 우리나라 화학물질관리 정책방향, 한국화학물질관리협회, (2014)
Business Types of Chemical Accidents in Korea Manufacturing Miscellaneous In use Transport Sale Storage
Source Analysis of Chemical Accident in Korea Miscellaneous Work processes Sea Road Vehicles Storage tanks
Cause Analysis of Chemical Accidents in Korea Miscellaneous Improper management of facilities Vehicle accidents Worker’s carelessness
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea Ignorance of safety manuals No wearing Safety Gears Ignorance of work procedure Worker fatigue HF Release case in Kumi (5 died) HF Release case in Cheongju To make shorten the term of work in D ∵ No mask/safety clothes worker ∵ During checking without using ladder, (6 died) ∵ Excessive work worker fell down and cracked pipes, (DOL Survey: Ind. Regulation violation) HF Release in SS (1 died) then released HF ∵ No mask worker
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea Inappropriate Handling Lack of Chemical Knowledge Old Facilities Easiness/Economy Consideration H 2 SO 4 corroded H 2 O 2 Pipes handy/low price valves use Pipe corrosion/abrasion »Mixing acids, produced persulfuric acid same as TATP explosives raw materials (triacetone triperoxide, primary high explosive)
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea Dangerous Transport Habits Lack of driver’s knowledge Inappropriate Loading Difficulty transport tracking Excessive/Open Dangerous/Explosive Tap water resource area/ /Untided Loading Chemicals/s Residential area parking
Classification by Scoring of MSDS Characteristics Class MSDS characteristic Score Explosiveness + 0 -10 (extremely) + Flammability + 0 – 5 (extremely) ) + E1 Reactivity with water + 0 – 5 (extremely) + pH (0 - 5) 0 – 5 (extremely acidic or basic) E1 + E1 + Self reactivity + 0 – 5 (extremely) + E2 Self exothermic + 0 – 5 (extremely) + Oxidative (explosive) + 0 – 7 (extremely) + Carcinogenesis 0 – 5 (extremely)
Classification by MSDS Scores (Designated vs. General) Generation of wastes contaminated by chemicals Analysis of E1, E2 score Q ≧ D/2 Q ≧ D Max score Max score in E2 in E1 Yes Yes Yes Designated Designated N0 Q<D/2 Q<D N0 waste waste Q ≧ D Q ≧ 2D E1 ≧ 10 ≧ E2 ≧ 15 ≧ Yes Yes Q<2D N0 N0 Q<D General waste Q = Amount of waste (kg) D = Small amount standard for hazardous chemical substance (Daily handling, kg)
National Fire Protection Association : NFPA (NFPA 704 Marking System) 2 화재 위험성 건강 4 0 반응성 위험성 특수 OX ₩ 위험성
National Fire Protection Association : NFPA
Classification by NFPA Code Score (Designated vs. General) NFPA score code check 4 (one or 4 (one or 3 3 (one) + + General N N more) Special Or 3 (two or waste hazard more) more) Y Y Designated waste
Classification by pH Score to fit NFPA Code (Designated vs. General) ▪ NFP A Code Class + pH ▪ Korean regulation: Designated Waste STD (pH ≧ 12.5, pH ≦ 2) Class Score of Solution pH Class pH Criteria Score 1 pH ≧ 12.5 pH ≦ 2 4 2 11 ≦ pH<12.5 2<pH ≦ 3 3 3 10 ≦ pH<11 3<pH ≦ 4 2 4 9 ≦ pH<10 4<pH ≦ 5 1 5 8 ≦ pH<9 5<pH ≦ 6 0
Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores (Designated vs. General) NFPA code score and pH check 3 (1 item) + 3 (1 item) + 4 ( ≥ 1 item) Special N General Or 3 ( ≥ 2 hazard Or waste N items) ∑ (NFPA+pH) ≥ 9) Y Y Designated waste
Type of chemical Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores accident + Waste Quantity to be disposed (Designated vs. General) Q = Amount of waste (kg) Explosion/Fire Leakage D = Small amount standard for hazardous chemical substance (Daily handling, kg) Q ≥ D/2 Q ≥ D N N Y Y NFPA code score and pH check 3 (1 item) + 4 ( ≥ 1 item) N N General Special hazard Or 3 ( ≥ 1 waste Or items) ∑ (NFPA+pH) ≥ 9) ∑ ) Y Y Designated waste
Recommend
More recommend
