Presentation Outline Traditional Engineering Solutions The - PDF document

2/22/2012 Presentation Outline • Traditional Engineering Solutions The Phytoremediation of Heavy • Hyperaccumulation by plants • Intro to mycorrhizae and Heavy Metals Metals using Mycorrhizae g y • Analysis of recommended reading (study) Andrew Fraser and Evan Henrich • Thoughts on practical application Engineering Solutions Chelates • Soil Excavation and Removal – Pros • Makes metals more bioavailable to plants for • Oldest method • Causes the quick complete removal of the contaminant uptake – Con • Merely moves contaminants elsewhere to be monitored Merely moves contaminants elsewhere to be monitored • Problem • Problem • Expensive – Chemicals could leach into groundwater instead • Metal Fixation – Pros up uptaken • Quick • Less expensive then excavation • Reduces health risks on site – Cons • Contaminate is still present • Not necessarily non toxic, just less toxic Hyperaccumulation Thalspi caerulescens • The use of plants to • Small perennial plant accumulate one or more toxic elements to • Found in Western US, extraordinarily high Scandinavia, Europe concentrations (i.e. 100x) compared to other • Extremely effective in Extremely effective in vegetation (Bakker et al. i ( kk l uptake up of heavy 2000) metals • Useful for As, Cd, Co, CU, Pb, Mn, NI, Se, and Zn • Slight problem ‐ low • About 450 species have biomass, shallow roots, been identified of doing this naturally (Bakker et al. and slow growing 2000) El Mehdawi & Pilon ‐ Smits (2012) Image from Dr. Doty Phytoremediation power point 1

2/22/2012 Sebertia acuminata Coppicing • From New Caledonia, • A traditional method of • Allow tree to grow, cut archipelago 930 miles woodland management to base, allow regrowth, east of Australia repeat • Takes advantage of • Hyperaccumulates nickel ‐ trees making new • Effective with alders, especially in leaves especially in leaves shoots when cut willows, oaks, birch • Sap is 10 ‐ 25% Ni on a wet ‐ weight basis (Jaffre et al. 1976) • Provides protection against insects Background ‐ Mycorrhizae Background ‐ Mycorrhizae What are they? Different Types? • Fine root – fungal Arbuscular – fungal hyphae inside plant cell (96%) association (vascular plants) • Often symbiotic – y Ectomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae – fungal hyphae outside cell (3%) fungal hyphae outside cell (3%) exchange nutrients (Gymnosperms / Angiosperms) for carbon • 90% of plants have mycorrhizal connections Background – Mycorrhizae • How are they different from endophytes? – Not bacteria The Contaminants – May have fruiting bodies y g (mushrooms) – Can actively transport nutrients / minerals to plant roots through hyphal network – Can only break down simple substrates 2

2/22/2012 Zinc Cadmium Characteristics ‐ Hard and brittle metal Characteristics Health Effects ‐ Health Effects Commonly found with other base Soft malleable metal Lewis acid build up, Kidney damage and renal failure, metals in ore Water insoluble, if powdered and Damage to nerve receptors ‐ anosmia skeletal damage, carcinogenic Uses ‐ Lethargy, ataxia, hemolytic anemia burned will release toxic fumes Galvanizing, alloys, batteries, Damage to liver, kidneys Use rubber catalysts, paint pigments, PVC stabilizers color pigments PVC stabilizers, color pigments, fungicides, nuclear reactors, fire alloys, batteries, ancticorrosion retards agents, fertilizers Biologically: essential trace Source element for live. Deficiency can Smelting, industrial emissions, cause multiple health disorders ‐ agriculture, sewage, smoking, NIH 2001 food Sources ‐ Mining and smelting Industrial waste Lead Iron Characteristics Characteristic Soft, malleable poor metal First transition metal Health effects Health effects Use Fourth most common element in Harmful to many organs and tissues Overabundance ‐ > free radicals = Earth’s crust Building construction, batteries, damages DNA, proteins, lipids Interferes with development of the ammunition, weights, alloys, Uses nervous system Lethal dose ‐ radiation shielding, formerly paint Open a history book and look Symptoms – abdominal pain, 60 milligrams per kilogram pigment pigment around you around you confusion, headache, anemia, f h d h Source Trace element found in almost all life irritability, seizures, coma and – proteins, enzymes especially Paints, cooking implements, fuel death emissions, smelters, industrial hemes waste Source Potential exposure also from Meats, vegetables, mining, ingestion of contaminated, soil, industrial waste dust or lead based paint, food or water Background – Phytorem. Mkt. Background Phyto Rem Mkt • What are the needs for remediation of heavy • When is Phytorem appropriate Tech? metals and how does phytoremediation fit in? – Accessible and static HM – Lots of heavy metal contamination • Contamination depth within reach of roots (2 4 to 2 8 $bil / yr) (2.4 to 2.8 $bil / yr) • Ground / surface water pollution not imminent threat Ground / surface water pollution not imminent threat – Plants can survive / produce adequate biomass – heavy metal often found co ‐ contaminated with over time organics ($4.6 – 5.2 $bil / yr) • Can plants survive HM and co ‐ contaminant levels? • Can the plants uptake the heavy metals at a sufficient rate over time? 3

2/22/2012 Experimental Design Effects of Endo ‐ and Ectomycorrhizal • Pot experiment Fungi on Physiological Parameters – 8 incoculation treatments and Heavy Metals Accumulation of – 2 Salicaceae tree species (Willow and Poplar) Two Species from the Family Two Species from the Family • 6 month duration 6 th d ti Salicaceae • Initially weekly watering then water 2 ‐ 3x a week after 8 weeks L. Mrnka et al • Randomized pot location every 4 weeks Experimental Treatments Measured Parameters • AMI ‐ Glomus intraradices • # of plants shoots ‐ monthly • AMC ‐ G. claroideum • Plant mortality ‐ monthly • EMH ‐ Hebeloma • Photosynthetic activity (Poplars only, measured twice) mesophaeum • Photosynthetic pigments • EMP ‐ Paxillus involutus • Leave spectroscopy • AMIC ‐ mixed AMI and AMC • Microscopy of root colonization ‐ At harvest (250 tips a • EMHP ‐ mixed EMH and plant) EMP • Assessment of biomass yield and heavy metals in • AMEM ‐ mixed AM and biomass (Fresh and dried weight, burned for metals) EM • CON ‐ control variant The Study – Mortality Data The Study – Data (Total Uptake) Table 1 Overview of mortality and inoculation success EMHP / AMEM – Willow Clone S alix alba L. Populus nigra L. • 0.5x concentration of CON Treatment M SC FDM M SC FDM • 2.5x biomass of CON = 1.25x Uptake of CON CON 3 4 – 1 9 – AMI 2 1 G. intraradices 0 9 G. intraradices AMC 3 0 – 4 0 – AMIC AMIC 0 0 2 2 G. intraradices G intraradices 3 3 7 7 G intraradices G. intraradices EMH 0 8 H. mesophaeum 3 2 H. mesophaeum EMP 4 0 – 3 2 P . involutus Table 3 Concentrations of heavy metals in shoots and leaves of S . alba L. and P . nigra L. EMHP 2 3 H. mesophaeum 2 4 H. mesophaeum 8 a AMEM 0 3 H. mesophaeum 2 H. mesophaeum, G. intraradices HMs Cd Fe Pb Zn Clone Var Shoots Leaves Shoots Leaves Shoots Leaves Shoots Leaves The data are expressed as the number of replicates for the particular experimental treatment (willows and poplars are separate). The original number of replicates per treatment was 10. For explanation of the experimental treatments codes and fungal identities, see S . alba CON 72.5±7.8a 81.7±4.7a 22.4±6.2a 61.5±9.4a 35.6±5.8a 4.1±0.9a 163.6±13.9a 412.9±42.5a Section 2 EMH 39.8±8.2b 60.3±7.8a 10.7±2.0a 53.5±11.3a 20.2±4.4a 5.9±1.1a 108.8±20.8a 367.0±48.1a M mortality, S C successful colonization (i.e., the presence of at least one of the introduced fungal strains was confirmed in the given EMHP 38.7±6.8b 56.0±22.6a 9.8±1.0a 31.2±12.6a 16.9±3.2a 3.6±1.5a 108.3±5.1a 284.2±131.6a replicate; in CON treatment, no fungi were present), FDM fungi detected microscopically in the treatment replicates AMEM 35.0±3.2b 54.9±10.6a 9.7±1.8a 33.5±7.8a 19.7±2.2a 3.8±1.5a 109.6±4.4a 277.3±30.8a a Only two replicates were colonized by both fungal isolates, and the rest of the pots were colonized only by G. intraradices P . nigra CON 26.9±3.5x 33.7±2.2x 13.3±2.6x 22.8±3.3x 18.7±2.7x 6.6±0.7x 62.8±6.2x 177.5±8.7x EMHP 13.3±5.3x 28.2±5.6x 3.6±1.3y 16.0±4.9x 10.3±3.6x 6.8±1.8x 44.3±17.1x 199.3±47.7x AMI 22.3±3.4x 31.1±4.0x 21.8±5.7x 23.1±4.1x 29.3±5.4x 9.8±1.6x 65.0±9.8x 200.6±24.5x AMIC 22.0±4.0x 25.1±4.3x 15.0±2.0x 15.6±3.1x 21.6±3.4x 6.8±1.2x 63.2±5.6x 143.8±24.5x AMEM 19.6±1.2x 28.4±3.1x 14.0±2.1x 17.8±1.9x 19.8±1.6x 7.6±0.8x 65.8±4.5x 192.2±16.6x 4