Landfill 2015 The use of geosynthetics in the installation of ballast layers Ch Charl Ci Cilliers, s, Pr Pr Eng Jones & Wagener (Pty) Ltd Engineering & Environmental Consultants
Pr Pres esent entatio ation con ontents tents • The ballast layer – Why install a ballast layer – Types (conventional and geosynthetic) – Positive and negative aspects of GBL – Cost comparison of different GBLs • The site trial • Conclusions and recommendations September 2015 Conference & Exhibition Landf ndfil ill 2015 2015
Wh Why ins nsta tall ll a b a bal allast ast lay ayer er • Intimate contact – Prevention of waves and folds • Protection from mechanical damage (allows desilting and maintenance) • Protection from UV degradation and temperature effects Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Wh Why ins nsta tall ll a b a bal allast ast lay ayer er • Intimate contact – Prevention of waves and folds • Protection from mechanical damage (allows desilting and maintenance) • Protection from UV degradation and temperature effects Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Wh Why ins nsta tall ll a b a bal allast ast lay ayer er • Intimate contact – Prevention of waves and folds • Protection from mechanical damage (allows desilting and maintenance) • Protection from UV degradation and temperature effects Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Wh Why ins nsta tall ll a b a bal allast ast lay ayer er • Intimate contact – Prevention of waves and folds • Protection from mechanical damage (allows desilting and maintenance) • Protection from UV degradation and temperature effects Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Int ntimate imate con ontact tact Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ty Types s of ballast ast layer • Conventional ballast layers – Rock – Sand – Cement stabilised sand – Precast concrete blocks Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ro Rock k ballast ast layer Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ro Rock k ballast ast layer Drainage nage Layer • Protectio tection n Layer r Req • Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Sa Sand nd ba ballast ast lay ayer er Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Sa Sand nd ba ballast ast lay ayer er Particl ticle e size e < 3mm • No Prote tect ction on Layer r Req • Drainage nage • Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
St Stab abilised ilised san and d ba ballast ast lay ayer er Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Stab St abilised ilised san and d ba ballast ast lay ayer er Particl ticle e size e < • 3mm No Prote tect ction • Layer r Req No Drainag age • Req Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Pr Prec ecas ast t con oncr crete ete ba ballast ast lay ayer er Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Pr Prec ecas ast t con oncr crete ete ba ballast ast lay ayer er High cost • Protectio tection n Layer r • Req Req No Drainag age • Req Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Pr Prec ecas ast t con oncr crete ete ba ballast ast lay ayer er Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ty Types s of ballast ast layer • Geosynthetic ballast layers (GBLs) – Protection geotextile – Concrete filled geocells – Fibre reinforced concrete – Double woven propylene tubes (local) – Double woven propylene tubes (international) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Co Concrete ete fille lled d geocells ells ballast last layer er Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Co Concrete ete fille lled d geocells ells ballast last layer er High cost • Protectio tection n Layer r • Req Req No Drainag age • Req Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Fi Fibre reinfo forced rced concr crete ete ballast ast layer Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Fi Fibre reinfo forced rced concr crete ete ballast ast layer Extreme remely y • High cost No Prote tect ction • Layer r Req No Drainag age • Required red Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Fi Fibre reinfo forced rced concr crete ete ballast ast layer Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Do Doub uble e wo woven en ba ballast ast lay ayer er (loc ocal) al) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Do Doub uble e wo woven en ba ballast ast lay ayer er (loc ocal) al) UV stability bility • Stren ength gth of • interla rlaci cing Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Do Doub uble e wo woven en ba ballast ast lay ayer er (Int nt.) .) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Do Doub uble e wo woven en ba ballast ast lay ayer er (Int nt.) .) Importe orted • Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Do Doub uble e wo woven en ba ballast ast lay ayer er (Int nt.) .) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
As Aspe pects cts of of GB GBL • Positive Aspects – Less risk of damage to the geomembrane – Airspace savings Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Da Dama mage ge from om cov over er lay ayers ers ELL survey data from 300 sites – over 3M m 2 of GM • Nosko et al.(2000) GSI CQA Course: Part 3 Geomembrane Placement, Seaming and Field Testing Slide 84 Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Da Dama mage ge from om cov over er lay ayers ers Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
As Aspe pects cts of of GB GBL • Negative Aspects – UV degradation – Veneer stability – Anchorage – Time to fill geosynthetics – Cost Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
GBL Cos GB L Cost com ompa parison rison Cost per m 3 % m more Cost per m 2 % m more No. No. Alter ernati native e descripti ption: on: of waste e than n of liner er than n stored ed lowest footpr print nt lowest 300mm cement stabilised sand 1 R 129 8.4% R 885.11 4.4% ballast layer with protection geotextile Fibre Reinforced Concrete Ballast 2 R 189 59% R 1347.99 59% Layer Double polypropylene tubes (local), 3 filled with cement stabilised material, R 124 4.2% R 872.57 3.0% 100mm thick. Double woven tubes 4 (international), filled with tailings R 119 - R 847.44 - (thickness negligible) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
GBL Cos GB L Cost com ompa parison rison Cost per m 3 % m more Cost per m 2 % m more No. No. Alter ernati native e descripti ption: on: of waste e than n of liner er than n stored ed lowest footpr print nt lowest 300mm cement stabilised sand 1 R 129 8.4% R 885.11 4.4% ballast layer with protection geotextile Fibre Reinforced Concrete Ballast 2 R 189 59% R 1347.99 59% Layer Double polypropylene tubes (local), 3 filled with cement stabilised material, R 124 4.2% R 872.57 3.0% 100mm thick. Double woven tubes 4 (international), filled with tailings R 119 - R 847.44 - (thickness negligible) Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Th The s e site te trial al • Hazardous waste facility in KZN • R&D on GBL to be filled with tailings • Full scale site trial • 4 Samples 15m long by 4.8 wide – 2 double layer (woven geotextile) – 2 triple layer (double woven with non-woven) – 5 tubes of 93cm separated by 8cm weave Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Si Side de slop ope e trial al Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Si Side de slop ope e trial al 26% Shrinkag inkage • Consolida olidati tion on • in 24 hours Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Si Side de slop ope e trial al Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ba Basin n trials als Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Ba Basin n trials als 7.5% Shrinkage nkage • Difficu ficulty lty in • fillin ing Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Co Conclusio lusions ns and Re Recomm mmendation dations Conclusions: • Site trial shows technical feasibility • Time to fill the bag still a major concern Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Co Conclusio lusions ns and Re Recomm mmendation dations Conclusions: • Site trial shows technical feasibility • Time to fill the bag still a major concern Recommendations: • Approach a geosynthetic manufacturer • Engage with design approval authority • Carry out a full scale test Conference & Exhibition Landfill 2015 September 2015
Landfill 2015 Thank you for your attention. Any questions? Ch Charl Ci Cilliers, s, Pr Pr Eng Jones & Wagener (Pty) Ltd Engineering & Environmental Consultants
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