1 Power Flow Control Frank C. Lambert, P.E. ISGT Europe October 13, 2014
2 Table of Contents • Power Flow Control Development History Technology Overview • NEETRAC Testing • Applications
3 Technology History Formation of the Smart Wire Grid, Inc. DSR Prototype (SWG) NEETRAC Gen 1 NEETRAC Gen 2 Router Testing Testing Development 2001 ‐ 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Initial Patent Formation of the Smart Wire 33 units installed 99 units Filing Focus Initiative (SWFI) at Southern installed at Deepak Divan Company TVA
4 PowerLine Guardian Technology Distributed power flow control for existing transmission lines Diverts current from the overloaded lines to underutilized ones Increases line impedance by injecting a pre ‐ tuned value of magnetizing inductance through the single ‐ turn transformer Two methods of operation 1. Operate autonomously based on locally programmable set points, or… 2. Two way communications enable dynamic operation and robust line monitoring
PowerLine Router Technology Enables ability to “divert” current from a line (inductive mode) or “pull” current into a line (capacitive mode). Router utilizes a single ‐ turn transformer and converter to inject a synthesized voltage onto the power line. – Voltage can be of arbitrary phase, magnitude, or frequency – limited by the available core energy and device ratings. – Via direct and dynamic control of the single ‐ turn transformer voltage, the router can emulate a series capacitor or inductor , and can also be used to compensate for grid harmonics, resonances, and oscillations. Power Line Current Feedback X M Power S M Supply S 2 C f Control Comms L f C DC
Power Flow Control Solution 100 MW Capacity Before Control 105% 32% Simplified planning scenario 21% predicts future overload 105 MW Capacity With 99% PowerLine Guardian 40% Power is pushed to alternate 27% lines with spare capacity, resolving overload 120 MW Capacity With 99% PowerLine Router 30% Power is pulled onto lines 61% with spare capacity, resolving overload
7 Smart Wires Testing The Smart Wires Focused Initiative, with NEETRAC, developed tests for the Units, to confirm reliability and robustness for utility deployments: Units Met All Requirements Fault Current: 63 kA, 30 cycle fault Corona: 180 kV L ‐ to ‐ G corona free Impulse: 1050 kV impulse Clamp slip: >450 lbs. lateral force no slip Vibration: damper required
8 High Current Fault Testing Fault 02:14.3790372 External Trigger 2 - 1 = 02:14.9541482 Event 566.6483 m 02:14.3874998 1 2 91.1 V ~0.5 s Time Voltage across Unit Injection Mode Monitor Mode Sample_Volt 1 27.74 V 2 -34.17 V -102.0 V 215.0 kAmps 02:14.3790372 Voltage across Unit External Trigger 02:14.3874998 1 83.39 V Fault Current Sample_Curr_ 1 -157.7 kAmp 2 -13.58 kAmp Sample_Volt 1 27.74 V 2 -34.17 V -186.7 kAmps 02:12.9 2.000s/div 02:24.1 Transition to Monitor Mode -102.0 V 215.0 kAmps Fault Current Units were functional Sample_Curr_ 1 -157.7 kAmp after 63 kA, 30 cycle fault 2 -13.58 kAmp -172.2 kAmps 02:14.3650 10.00 ms/div 02:14.4190
9 High Voltage Corona / Impulse Testing Units were functional Units were corona free below 180 kV after three +/ ‐ 1050 kV Line to Ground, ~ 310 kV Line to Line impulses
10 First Installations Through Collaboration with NEETRAC Guardians installed on three lines at 115 & 161 kV Applications: • TVA ‐ Flow control to reduce need for redispatch during n ‐ 1. • Southern Company ‐ Mitigate overload during n ‐ 1 contingency. Eliminated prior solution of a permanently online air core reactor. March 2013 October 2012
11 Deployment Procedure Smart Wire Installation Process was developed in collaboration with NEETRAC to ensure safety and alignment with utility standards. • <15 min per module for de ‐ energized install • Eliminates permitting requirements • Live line deployable (in development) • Eliminates new easement and ROW needs TVA Lineman: “One of the easiest things I have ever installed…”
12 Applications 1 2 Single Line Issues… System ‐ wide strategies… 1. Reliability Compliance 1. Congestion Relief or System Uplift 2. Nuisance Overload Mitigation 2. Capacity Payment Avoidance 3. Operating Procedure Simplification 3. Generation Profile Changes • Support increased penetration of renewables 4. Line Construction Support • Reduce cost of accommodating generation retirements 5. Phase Balancing 4. SPS Simplification 5. Loop Flow Mitigation 3 Data and Situational Awareness Opportunities 1. Situational Awareness 4. Fault Location Detection 2. Condition-Based Maintenance 5. GIC Detection 3. Dynamic Line Rating
13 Applications: Reliability Reliability can be achieved at less than 30% the cost of conventional solution. Reconductor Solution Est. Cost Facility ($MM) Hugo – Hardy 18.8 Hardy – Sidney 2.0 Marlin – Nestor 2.1 2013 Summer Case Total: 22.9 Reliability Violation Outage of Hugo ‐ Jordan: results in three thermal Power Flow Control Solution overloads Combine reconductoring with PLGs Est. Voltage Overload Facility Facility Action Cost (kV) (%) ($MM) Hugo – Hardy PLG 3.9 Hugo – Hardy 230 kV 104 Marlin – Hardy – Sidney 230 kV 104 Recon 2.1 Nestor Marlin – Nestor 115 kV 102 Total: 6.0 Result Estimated $16.9 MM of savings Avoid reconductoring 42 circuit ‐ miles Free up capital for strategic projects Reduce outage windows
14 Applications: Capacity in Congested Regions • PowerLine Guardian technology can increase PJM Locational Deliverability Areas (LDAs) the transmission capability and reduce the need for expensive capacity payments. • In the PJM capacity auctions cleared in the West at about $10 k/MW and in the East at high as $90 k/MW for the year. • Utilizing SWG technology to increase transmission capability from West to East there is potential for savings of ~$80 k/MW of increased transmission capability. • Below are just a few transactions that could support increased capacity and savings in PJM. Increased LDA @ LDA @ Total Units Total Savings Payback Link Node A Node B Capacity Node A Node B (#) ($MM/yr) (yr) (MW) 1 AEP RTO BGE SWMAAC 518 1038 $37.5 0.3 2 AEP RTO PEPCO SWMAAC 640 2058 $46.3 0.4 3 DLCO RTO BGE SWMAAC 446 750 $32.3 0.2 4 DLCO RTO DPL EMAAC 463 1059 $36.7 0.3 5 DLCO RTO PEPCO SWMAAC 474 723 $34.3 0.2
15 Summary • Distributed, reliable, power flow control solution • Unique platform for sense and respond • Utility ‐ led transition from the lab to commercialization • New products currently under development in collaboration with NEETRAC
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