Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail Part 5A: Conclusion – Plug-In Vehicles – the Score C1 A 2012 Congressional Budget Office report on plug-ins says that the lifetime costs to consumers of an electric vehicle are generally higher than those of a hybrid vehicle of similar size and performance. C2 The report also noted there will be little or no reduction in the total gasoline use and greenhouse gas emissions of the nation’s vehicle fleet over the next several years. C3 After the third full year of plug-in vehicle marketing, it was obvious that sales have been far below expectations. Plug-in sales projections from the Department of Energy Annual Energy Report have shown a significant decline of future sales forecast. C4 Total plug in sales, including battery EVs and plug-in hybrids increased 200% from 2011 to 2012, 80% from 2012 to 2013, and only 25% from 2013 to 2014. The rate of increasing sales is shrinking, even with many more models available along with dramatic growth in the number of charging stations. November 2015 Conclusion Page 1 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail C5 Over the same time period, hybrid car sales increased 60 percent from 2011 to 2012 and 20 percent from 2012 to 2013. Hybrid cars decreased from 2013 to 2014 largely due to the delay of the next generation Prius into late 2015. C6 There are four main reasons for low plug-in sales. First, although plug-ins compare favorably to conventional gasoline cars in miles per gallon and CO 2 emissions, they do not compare favorably to hybrids such as the Prius when using well-to-wheels analysis. C7 Second, positioning the plug-in hybrid as an improved next generation technology that would leapfrog over standard hybrids such as the Prius was a misrepresentation. Plug-in hybrids are not improvements over hybrids. They are compromised battery electric cars C8 Third is the ongoing improvement in hybrid fuel economy. The Prius miles per gallon increased from 41 to 46 in the first five years and from 46 to 50 in the following six years. The car ’ s MPG improvement rate has been an impressive 2 percent per year, well above industry standards. November 2015 Conclusion Page 2 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail C9 At the same time, the efficiency of electric drive trains has not improved substantially. The miles-per-gallon equivalent for the 2013 RAV4 EV is less than the original 2002 RAV4 EV version. C10 Fourth, the cost of lithium-ion batteries did not come down as much as was projected. Worldwide, 8.7 billion dollars were invested over a five-year period in battery development and manufacturing that resulted in a decrease in battery costs of about 50 percent, well below expectations. Lithium-ion batteries are still too costly for mass market vehicles. C11 The luxury Karma plug-in hybrid required a total investment of 1.4 billion dollars. After a few hundreds were sold, the company stopped production and laidoff its staff. C12 The U.S. government has been the main promoter of the cars, giving plug ins massive amounts of funding – yet success has been limited. Toyota, on the other hand, has spent 20 years developing the gasoline hybrid which still outperforms plug-ins on most measures. November 2015 Conclusion Page 3 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail Part 5B: Conclusion – Power Grid Perspectives C13 The performance and metrics of electric cars are intertwined with the performance of the power grid. C14 The main benefit of improved electric vehicle batteries is to increase the vehicle range. But batteries have little effect on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions which are determined by the efficiency of the power plants and electricity transmission networks. C15 Power plant efficiency does not improve rapidly. Projections for conventional coal and natural gas plants show marginal potential improvements. It will be decades before the national grid is efficient enough to justify the extra costs of plug-in cars. C16 Wind and solar photovoltaic are the most rapidly growing renewable technologies. But their combined percent share of electricity generation is still very small in the US, about 3 percent in 2013. November 2015 Conclusion Page 4 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail C17 Renewables will gradually reduce the average amount of carbon dioxide generated per kilowatt-hour. But change will be slow. Increasing the share of all renewables, including hydroelectric, to 11 percent of electricity will likely take 30 years. C18 Homes and buildings consume a great deal of electrical energy – far more than is used to operate electric cars. Since most cars will be charging in the evening, renewable electricity generated during the day will be used primarily in buildings. C19 The grid is often portrayed as a storage battery for renewables; but electricity must be used as it is created. Often an electric car is not available for charging when electricity from renewables is being generated. As a result electricity from wind and solar will be applied first to buildings and industry rather than transportation. C20 Ultimately the allocation of electricity between building machinery and cars will be determined by the advances in the efficiency of the machinery as compared to advances in the efficiency of cars. If the conventional hybrid car improves efficiency faster than building machines, then clean electrons are best applied in the home rather than in transport. November 2015 Conclusion Page 5 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail Part 4C: Conclusion - Recommendations C21 Customer expectations have been inflated by power companies, environmental groups, and national and state governments. The misleading car window stickers have added to the misrepresentations C22 U.S. government policy should shift to supporting conventional hybrids over plug-in vehicles. Hybrid sales today are still only about 3 percent of all cars sold in the US. But they are about 40 percent more efficient than their conventional gasoline counterparts. C23 Hybrids should be made as small and as light as possible, continuing in the direction set by the Prius c,… … the Yaris Hybrid in Europe, … C24 November 2015 Conclusion Page 6 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail … and the Honda Hybrid Fit, yet to be C25 introduced into the U.S. C26 Toyota will continue to represent the gold standard for fuel economy with its steady year-to-year improvement in efficiency. The lightweight Toyota 4 seater FT bH hybrid concept car gets over 100 miles per gallon. C27 Toyota will likely improve hybrid fuel economy at a 1.5 to 2 percent yearly rate, with cars equivalent to the size of the Prius C getting 80 miles per gallon by 2050. This is higher than the historical improvement of about 1% per year for conventional cars. The company’s new Lift -back version C28 of the Prius will obtain 55 miles per gallon first customer shipments with first shipments likely to be in early 2016. November 2015 Conclusion Page 7 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail C29 Toyota dominates the hybrid market with its large number of models offered. It may take decades for American car makers to catch up. The U.S. focus on fuel cell cars and then plug-in hybrids has resulted in a lost opportunity for American car makers. C30 The EPA needs to clear up the confusion surrounding well-to-wheels versus tank-to-wheels on the window sticker. And, the agency needs to provide regional data for miles-per- gallon measurements and carbon dioxide emissions. Accurate information would accelerate the public’s move to more and more efficient hybrids. C31 Dynamic Ride Sharing and carpooling is growing in the U.S. and should be a priority for the nation as the best way to reduce CO 2 emissions. This means 4 to 5 people in a car rather than 1 to 2. C32 Ride sharing combined with hybrids will make it possible to cut carbon dioxide emissions from passenger transport by 80 percent within two decades. November 2015 Conclusion Page 8 of 9
Plug-In Folly Part 5 by Pat Murphy, Plan Curtail C33 With accurate window stickers, plug-in cars can be marketed in particular regions where they have a significant advantage over hybrids. This will keep the technology alive but require less investment than trying to compete with hybrids across the country. C34 The electric vehicle experiment that began in 1990 with the General Motors Impact has just about run its course. The hope of a two to three times the mile per gallon improvement over conventional cars was not realized. The challenge for Americans is to shift to smaller hybrid cars as fast as possible in order to halve CO 2 emissions by 2030. By that time new batteries and a revamp of the electrical grid could make plug-ins more competitive with hybrids. November 2015 Conclusion Page 9 of 9
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