Plant Breeding & Genetics Group Shaun T ownsend Co-Director PBG
Outline Introduction PBG Genetic Research Program personnel Research areas Questions
Introduction PBG is one part of a larger genetic research component at OSU Plant-based genetic research Primarily in support of plant breeding efforts Initially formed by members of Crop & Soil Sciences and Horticulture
Hops T wo programs: Shaun T ownsend, OSU, Aroma Hops John Henning, USDA, Aroma and bittering hops
Hop Challenges Expensive production system Infrastructure & labor Plants immature until third growing season Brewing chemistry extremely complex Dioecy
Genetic Approaches Traditional (statistical) Heritability, co-inheritance, BLUP Induced mutations Molecular biology Marker development, genetic diversity, gene discovery Possibly gene editing and transformation
OSU Aroma Hops T ask is to develop new aroma hop cultivars suitable for the craft beer industry and adapted to Oregon growing conditions. Traits include yield, maturity date, disease resistance, brewing profile
Traditional Approaches Understanding heritability of important traits B est L inear U nbiased P redictor (BLUP) Provides information to guide breeding strategy by partitioning observed or measured variation for a trait into genetic and non-genetic causes Superior male genotypes identified
Traditional Approaches Induced mutations Subtle changes Limited genetic change Replacement hop cultivars
USDA Hops Program Led by John Henning Started in 1933 Most public hop cultivars developed by this program
Molecular Approaches Marker development for M arker- A ssisted S election (MAS) Disease resistance, plant sex Sequence the genome Gene discovery Fix pedigree errors Assess genetic diversity
Barley Hordeum vulgare 2n = 2x = 14 5.3 Gbp ~ 30,000 genes Self-pollinated (hermaphroditic)
The OSU Barley Project Crossing 5H 0.0 A10133 52_0206 3.2 A11281 3.7 A3012 A11283 12.5 A61467 13.0 A17246 13.2 5149877 15.8 5232930 19.1 52_1426 21.7 A9236 27.1 A35937 A9242 45.5 A6527 49.9 A32314 Doubled haploids 53.6 A34399 54.8 A45497 55.7 A58614 56.3 A17329 A15122 A38678 56.9 A33142 A11195 A39423 A10578 A33144 57.2 A23020 A35635 57.5 A23663 A19878 A57310 57.8 A52323 58.1 A21751 A45139 A54566 59.2 53_0654 61.6 51_1128 62.2 A62366 C13P_LOD:2.7_a:-1.3 M15H_LOD:5.8_a:-1.7 A16750 A62372 C14H_LOD:5.5_a:-4.8 64.6 C14TW_LOD:6.8_a:-0.9 A14013 65.2 A58627 A27948 65.8 A28098 C13H_LOD:10.3_a:-5.2 66.0 A23036 66.2 A53775 66.4 A13235 C14P_LOD:9.4_a:-6.1 66.5 A52324 C14LR_LOD:3.5_a:5.6 C13BC_LOD:6.4_a:-3.3 67.1 A28510 C13BP_LOD:3.1_a:0.4 A40667 A25784 70.6 A38634 72.3 52_0441 51_1221 51_0671 72.9 A39562 C14H_LOD:6.7_a:-5.4 C13TKW_LOD:14.3_a:-2.9 M15HD_LOD:8.3_a:-1.5 C13HD_LOD:8.6_a:-2.8 C15HD_LOD:6.3_a:-2.1 C14HD_LOD:7.4_a:-1.7 C13H_LOD:12.3_a:-5.6 C14L_LOD:4.8_a:-5.2 C14Y_LOD:6.9_a:-318.1 74.6 A59246 M15M_LOD:5.3_a:6.8 C14TW_LOD:7.6_a:-1 C13P_LOD:5.1_a:-1.8 74.8 A2132 M15H_LOD:8.2_a:-2 75.5 A21727 76.0 A31634 76.4 A33667 A39567 A8401 77.6 A33802 78.8 52_0713 A24436 80.0 52_0392 C14L_LOD:3.7_a:-4.6 C15BSR_LOD:5.5_a:7.1 80.6 A4388 C14BSR_LOD:6.6_a:5.5 82.9 A60826 A44540 92.5 A16532 93.1 A16543 A40446 A16546 C13BC_LOD:3.1_a:-2.3 C15HD_LOD:3.3_a:-1.6 93.7 A28760 97.3 A56808 A56807 A15768 101.6 A10413 102.2A39701 A39511 A62319 102.851_1355 105.751_0518 53_1427 111.9A40885 52_0526 120.152_0018 A40886 133.252_0549 53_0098 135.7A29949 52_1168 52_0795 138.1A35656 139.352_1061 A50994 A50443 139.9 A42576 A57844 140.5A42579 A50995 141.1A56719 161.6 A3016 162.8A56725 Genetics and Breeding 163.1A15237 163.4A56720 163.8A15242 164.2A26145 165.15366981 A6950 168.953_0524 180.3A17309 185.4A47689 187.2A61559 A52248 189.0A19829 191.451_0805 A19833 A19834 194.451_0783 200.451_0095 201.1A10668 53_0929 53_0930 202.6A10672 204.1A25187 A10673 208.353_0635 210.151_0819 214.4A10187 C13ST_LOD:3.7_a:-1.9 216.2A11995 216.9A45575 227.0 A3583 C13BC_LOD:3.2_a:-2.3 229.0A39117 C14SPS_LOD:2.9_a:-0.8 229.6A12032 236.1A44849 Publication, Variety/Germplasm release 237.4 A6348 A61082 237.8A32892 238.6A45211 C13BG_LOD:5.9_a:75.1 244.4A23407 52_1018 A43929 247.8 A43332 C13ST_LOD:31.2_a:-4.6 249.0A55919 A44323 A44334 250.252_0829 A51223 C13WC_LOD:16.5_a:-0.3 C13AA_LOD:35.3_a:-18.7 C13FAN_LOD:36.9_a:-39.6 C13ST_LOD:35.2_a:-4.7 251.951_0869 C13WP_LOD:30.1_a:-0.6 C13ME_LOD:11.4_a:-0.9 254.0A63287 262.6A10542 A60753 A60754 263.252_1141 C13BG_LOD:5_a:66.7 264.9A31352 268.5A32988 276.8A14908 A32982 A31257 279.8A12049 280.4A61914 A12052 283.1A44414 287.1A19168 A22962 A59718 288.8A54195 A55993 289.4A37358 290.053_0382 291.251809_R The Relationships between Development and Low Temperature Tolerance 293.65784_F 294.151_0857 569307 294.753_0958 51_0322 295.95140269 297.15128167 53_1481 51_0401 298.351881_F 52448_R in Barley Near Isogenic Lines Differing for Flowering Behavior. Cuesta- 298.953_1292 547507 52048_F 300.6548097 5139089 301.2546054 302.552_1155 303.753_0769 Marcos, A. et al. 2015. Plant and Cell Physiology Volume 56, Issue 12 Pp. 305.6 2312-2324.
Integrating genetics and breeding at a Land Grant University Locus/alleles Phenotype Mechanism Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3 Growth habit Loss of function deletions Ppd1, Ppd2 Flowering time Loss of function deletions
Barley contributions to beer flavor Deschutes + 6 and the Oregon Promise
Hazelnut Program Led by Shawn Mehlenbacher Only hazelnut breeding program in the U.S. Hazelnut production is centered in Oregon
Hazelnut Breeding Objectives A. Blanched kernel market (for chocolate, baked goods) (93% of world crop is sold as kernels, 7% sold in-shell) 1. Bud mite resistance 5. Easy pellicle removal 2. Round nut shape 6. Few defects 3. High percent kernel 7. Early maturity 4. Precocity 8. Free-falling nuts 5. High yield B. Resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) 1. Simply inherited resistance (‘Gasaway’ & >50 others) 2. Quantitative resistance (e.g. ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, ‘Sacajawea’)
Hazelnut Quantitative Traits Trait Heritability (%) Good Kernels 42 Doubles 84 Moldy Kernels 61 Poorly Filled Nuts 25 Nut Length 68 Nut Shape Index 65 Nut Compression Index 88 Nut Weight 63 Percent Kernel 87 Fiber 56 Blanching 64 Relative Husk Length 91 Nuts per Cluster 67 Catkin Elongation Time 68 Nut Maturity 86 Most traits are highly heritable. Mehlenbacher et al., 1993; Yao & Mehlenbacher, 2000
Eastern Filbert Blight Fungus Anisogramma anomala , 2-year life cycle. Cankers girdle and kill branches. We now have > 100 sources of resistance. We use single R-genes and quantitative resistance.
Sources of Very High EFB Resistance in C. avellana (greenhouse tests) Accession Origin LG* S-alleles 1. Gasaway Unknown 6 3 26 1. Zimmerman Barcelona x Gasaway 6 1 3 2. Ratoli Spain 7 2 10 3. Georgian OSU 759.010 Rep. of Georgia 2 4 20 4. OSU 408.040 Univ. Minnesota 6 15 27 5. OSU 495.072 Southern Russia (VIR) 6 6 30 6. Culpla Spain 6 9 10 7. Crvenje Serbia 6 6 23 8. Uebov Serbia 6 12 16 9. Moscow N02 Russia (Moscow) ? 6 20 10. Moscow N23 Russia (Moscow) ? 6 30 11. Moscow N26 Russia (Moscow) ? 1 29 12. Moscow N27 Russia (Moscow) ? 19 23 13. Moscow N37 Russia (Moscow) ? 1 6 14. Farris OSU 533.029 Lansing, Michigan ? 3 11 15. C. avellana COR 157 Finland ? 9 25 16. Amarillo Tardio Chile (Chillan) ? 2 2 *Linkage Group assigned using microsatellite markers
Pacific Northwest Potato Breeding and Variety Development Program Jointly funded by USDA-NIFA & Potato Commissions of ID, OR & WA
Solanum sp. Range of ploidy: 2X, 3X, 4X and 5X Most cultivated potatoes are tetraploid (2n=4x=48) The basic chromosome number is 12 Haploid genome size is ~900 mb
USA Potato Production 2014 PNW Eastern North Central 64 % 21% 5% 10% Southwest NASS 2014 Adapted from Knowles et al (2010)
PNW Potato Industry Processing Industry Fresh Market – Table stock Russets Chipping Specialty – Reds, yellows, etc. Dehy Industry – Potato starch, flour, etc .
Breeding Objectives Develop new russet potatoes ◦ Dual purpose russet varieties (ID) ◦ Individual market oriented russet varieties (OR) Breeding for resistance to major pests and diseases ◦ PVY, Verticillium wilt, Zebra Chip, TRV, PMTV, CRKN, Scab etc. Breeding of specialty potatoes ◦ Reds/yellows/purples ◦ High anthocyanins, minerals, carotenoids, Nutrients, Flavor Breeding for cold sweetening resistance and high nutrient efficiency ◦ Low acrylamide, low N input Overall Goal: Release & commercialize new potato varieties that will directly benefit all segments of the PNW potato industry
Columbia Root Knot Nematode Serious pathogen - External Symptom Internal Symptom cause severe disease on potato A gene, R Mc1(blb) , controlling resistance derived from Solanum bulbocastanum has Russet Burbank root s been identified and SB 22 roots susceptible to M. chitwoodi resistant to M. chitwoodi used in breeding resistant potato lines.
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