Plant biotechnology: Plant biotechnology: a key technology in the - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Argentine- -Japan Work Shop Japan Work Shop Argentine Plant biotechnology: Plant biotechnology: a key technology in the 21st century a key technology in the 21st century August, 2009 Atsuhiko Shinmyo Nara Institute of Science and Technology E- mail shinmyou@bs.naist.jp

Kohukuji ： Asura Nara Kyoto Osaka 奈良市 ◎ Yakushiji 生駒市 ● ● Tokyo Osaka ● Todaiji ： Big Budda

st Capital in Japan established in AD 710 Nara is the 1 st Capital in Japan established in AD 710 Nara is the 1 2010:1300 years anniversary 2010:1300 years anniversary Reconstruction of Taikyokuden Tohin garden Reconstruction of Kentoshisen Sujakumon

Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Established in 1991 Established in 1991 Prof. Shinsuke Shinsuke Yamanaka of Yamanaka of iPS iPS was grown in NAIST. was grown in NAIST. Prof. Information Science Bioscience Material science

GDP (gross domestic product) Ranking Country Population GDP Country Population* GDP** 2000 (M) 2006 (kB$) 2050 (M) 2050 (k B$) 1 USA 285 13.19 China 1,409 70.7 2 Japan 127 4.38 USA 402 38.5 3 Germany 82 2.89 India 1,658 37.7 4 China 1,270 2.67 Brazil 254 11.4 5 UK 59 2.37 Mexico 132 9.3 6 France 59 2.23 Russia 108 8.6 7 Italy 58 1.85 Indonesia 297 7.0 8 Canada 31 1.27 Japan 95 6.7 9 Spain 40 1.23 UK 68 5.1 10 Brazil 174 1.07 Germany 74 5.0 *Ministry of International Affairs and Communications, Japan **Goldman Sachs (2007)

Potential of underused renewable energy sources TW 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 Plant Tides & Geo- Hydro Wind Solar Current t hermal currents biomass use TW (tera watt)=1,000 Billion watt C. Somerville (NEDO Workshop, Osaka, 2006, 9, 14)

Use of Oil Products in Japan （ 2006 ） Heavy oil Gasoline Lignin Ethanol 229 million kl Diesel Naphtha Bio- -diesel diesel Bio Industrial Kerosene materials by Jet fuel plants Annual Report of Resources and Energy

Ethanol is an Excellent Transportation Fuel Ethanol is an Excellent Transportation Fuel Compared to Gasoline Compared to Gasoline o Has a higher octane rating; causes a disproportionate increase Has a higher octane rating; causes a disproportionate increase o in octane rating when blended with gasoline; replaced in octane rating when blended with gasoline; replaced tetraethyl lead as octane enhancer tetraethyl lead as octane enhancer o Burns with greater efficiency Burns with greater efficiency o o Produces lower amounts of ozone precursors, thus decreasing Produces lower amounts of ozone precursors, thus decreasing o air pollution, no SOx SOx and and NOx NOx air pollution, no o Lower net C0 Lower net C0 2 contribution to atmosphere o 2 contribution to atmosphere o Free from sea water pollution Free from sea water pollution o o More favorable trade balance More favorable trade balance o o Enhanced energy security Enhanced energy security o o Major new crop for depressed agricultural economy Major new crop for depressed agricultural economy o (Wyman and Hinman (Wyman and Hinman, 1990;Lynd et al;1991; Greene et al., 2004) , 1990;Lynd et al;1991; Greene et al., 2004)

Bioenergy Research Centerin US: $200 M （ 2007 － 2012 ） Bioenergy Science Center Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Joint Bioenergy Institute • Support R&D projects for ethanol production for automobile, production of fine chemicals and industrial materials from biomass • President Bush ： cost down of cellulose-ethanol to that of gasoline in 2012 • Cut 20% of gasoline within 10 years • Domestic supply of renewable clean energy

Possibility of replacement of gasoline to ethanol Possibility of replacement of gasoline to ethanol World Japan Gasoline consumption 2.6 B kl (100%) 60 M kl (100%) Starch production 2.8 B ton 17 M ton Ethanol production 1.8 B kl (70%) 11 M kl (18%) Unused biomass 52 B ton 220 M ton Ethanol production 21 Bkl (800%) 88 M kl (150%) Waste biomass 4.3 B ton 49 M ton Ethanol production 2.3 B kl (90%) 20 M kl (33%) Unused biomass: wild forest, weeds, wastes Y. Nabeshima: 640 kl ethanol is produced from 1 ton starch. Metabolic Engineering of 400 kl ethanol is produced from 1 ton rice straw. Plants (2002)

Bio- -diesel fuel diesel fuel Bio Law materials: plant and animal oil Law materials: plant and animal oil Catalyst in alkaline condition H H CH 3 O•CO-R1 HC•O•CO-R1 HC•OH → HC•O•CO-R2 + 3CH 3 OH HC•OH + CH 3 O•CO-R2 HC•O•CO-R3 HC•OH H H CH 3 O•CO-R3 Oil Methanol Glycerol Fatty acid methyl ester (Bio Bio- -diesel fuel) diesel fuel) Enzymatic production with lipase will be better.

Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass Production ( Production ( Mton Production ( Production ( Mton/Y) Mton /Y) /Y) Oil ( Oil (Mton Mton Mton) ) Oil yield (ton/ha) Oil yield (ton/ha) Mton /Y) Oil ( Oil ( Mton Oil yield (ton/ha) Oil yield (ton/ha) Soybe Soybean 2.14 2.14 17.6 0.35 17.6 0.35 Soybe Soybean 2.14 2.14 17.6 0.35 17.6 0.35 Rapeseed Rapeseed 0.46 0.46 12.0 12.0 0.64 0.64 Rapeseed Rapeseed 0.46 0.46 12.0 12.0 0.64 0.64 Oil palm Oil palm Oil palm Oil palm 0.55 0.55 23.0 0.55 0.55 23.0 23.0 23.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 Sunflower Sunflower 6.0 0.43 6.0 0.43 Sunflower Sunflower 6.0 6.0 0.43 0.43 ー ー Jatropha Jatropha 1.75 1.75 Jatropha Jatropha 1.75 1.75 ー ー ー ー

Attractive oil plant, Jatropha curcas Origin: Central America Grow in semi-drought, active growth over 20 ℃ , Annual consumption of diesel oil 3 ～ 5m height, grow 50 years in the world : 1.5 B kl Jatropha oil production: 1.9 kl/ha Oil content in seed, 30 ～ 40 ％ (Density of bio-diesel : 0.93) Non-food, because of toxic compound, Cultivation land required : 800 Mha pholbol ester Semi-dry land in on the earth : Oil yield, 1.75 ton/ha/year, next of oil palm 3,400 Mha

Bio-flight :Test flight by bio-diesel fuel was succeeded. 2009, 1, 30 B747-300 Haneda, Tokyo The third engine of B747-300 was drived by pure bio-jet fuel ( Camelina oil:84 ％ , Jatropha oil:15 ％ , algae oil:1 ％ mixture). 2009, 1, 7 2008, 2 2008, 12 babasu oil and Jatropha oil Jatropha oil 50% coconut oil 80% algal oil 50% jet fuel 50% jet fuel 20% jet fuel 50%

Comparison of process of bio-fuel production direct Sucrose concent- ration amylase fermentation absolute glucose Starch ethanol ethanol (gasoline) pre- cellulase, treatment hemi-cellulase high energy input high energy input glucose Cellulosic inhibitor inhibitor xylose biomass esterification fatty acid (bio-diesel) methyl ester Fat No energy input No energy input （ heavy oil A ） (direct) starch 1.6 kg → ethanol 1 l Most important factor is a cost of law starch 25 yen/kg → ethanol 40 yen/ l materials.

Recycle system utilizing plant biomass energy Solar energy Atmosphere O 2 CO 2 Plant biomass Starch, cellulose Chemical energy (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) n CO 2 H 2 O Fatty acid O 2 CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH Other components Soil: N, P, K, S, Me, H 2 O Sustainable world ！ Return to soil

Plant Biomass Energy Plant Biomass Energy 120 110 Increase of biomass (12%) Total 100 plant Used biomass (7%) biomass 90 (food, feed, wood, pulp, textile) 80 Energy (TW) Required for maintenance of 70 forest (33%) 60 50 Unused biomass (60%) 40 forestry: agriculture: stock raising 30 Present 24 : 41 : 35 use 20 10 0

Messiah of humans! Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology Messiah of humans! Breeding by Breeding by within close relatives × crossing crossing Accidental result Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA Useful genes technology technology ( any gene from any organism)

Stress to plant Drought Acid rain Salt Disease Insects Temperature Poor Active oxygen nutrition その他 Others Yield Flood 水害 収穫 Decrease of productivity Disease 病気 Cold Insect of plant by stress in US 害虫 冷害 weather 雑草 Weed Boyer:Science 1982 Soil Drought 土壌悪化 干ばつ deterioration

Growth of Eucalyptus in acidic soil by citrate secretion Wild Transgenic Leaf 110% Root Eucalyptus 124 % 50% of pulp materials Utilization of Growth: 5 m/year rock phosphate Ohji Paper Co.