Antoine Kremer Antoine Kremer France France Recipient of the 2006 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Antoine Kremer Antoine Kremer France France Recipient of the 2006 Marcus Wallenberg Recipient of the 2006 Marcus Wallenberg Prize Prize

UNDERSTANDING GENETIC DIVERSITY, A PILLAR FOR INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT Antoine KREMER INRA UMR BIOGECO Stockholm, September 29th 2006 SYMPOSIUM

1 WHAT IS GENETIC DIVERSITY ? 2 HOW DOES GENETIC DIVERSITY BUILD UP ? 3 HOW CAN GENETIC DIVERSITY BE IMPLEMENTED IN FOREST MANAGEMENT ?

1 WHAT IS GENETIC DIVERSITY ? DNA PROTEINS PHENOTYPES A T G http://www.p450.kvl.dk/gallery/ C

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TREES DNA level 10 8 π m x 10-3 6 4 2 0 Glycine max L. Merr. Arabidopsis thaliana Human Pinus radiata Pinus pinaster Pinus taeda Beta vulgaris Quercus petraea Pseudotsuga menziesii Zea mais

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TREES Protein level Quercus petraea 0.265 Picea 0.219 Pseudotsuga 0.201 Plants 0.104 Eucalyptus 0.187 Invertebrates 0.100 Quercus 0.186 Vertebrates 0.079 Populus 0.177 Homo sapiens 0.060 Pinus 0.157 Alnus 0.145

2 HOW DOES IT BUILD UP ? WHY ARE TREES SO DIVERSE ? THEORETICAL EXPECTATIONS Lower mutation rates Lifetime of a tree species ≈ 50 Million years Large populations TREES ACCUMULATE DIVERSITY !! High gene flow They do not lose it

UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN EUROPEAN TREES: RECENT RESULTS GEOGRAPHY VS HISTORY ? NATURAL PROCESSES VS HUMAN INTERFERENCES ? PACE OF EVOLUTION

GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE DURING MILANKOVITCH CYCLES Maximum glacial Interglacial periods Glacial periods ≈ 100 000 Interglacial periods ≈ 20 000 Years Years

OAK GLACIAL REFUGIA INFERRED FROM POLLEN DEPOSITS

LESSONS AND RESULTS FROM PANEUROPEAN INVESTIGATIONS REFUGIAL IMPRINTS : Northern vs Southern populations GENETIC ISOLATION OF REFUGIA: East- West differentiation COLONIZATION DYNAMICS GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS: Alps, Carpathians

28 CYTOFOR 22 species 25 forests REFUGIAL IMPRINTS : Northern vs Southern populations

GENETIC ISOLATION OF REFUGIA: East- West differentiation CpDNA diversity in Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) Fraxinus excelsior Heuertz et al, 2004 Molecular Ecology 13 :11, 3437-3452

COLONIZATION DYNAMICS MIGRATION SPEED INFERRED FROM POLLEN DEPOSITS Brewer et al. 2002 156: 5-26 Birks, Journal of Biogeography 1986,16:533-540

COLONIZATION DYNAMICS 1. Diffusion 1. Diffusion dispersion law = N(0, sd1 = 250 m) speed = 100 meters/year 2. Diffusion + dispersion Diffusion + dispersion 2. at long distances long distances at law= N(0, sd1= 250 m) + 5*10-6 N(0, sd2=50 km) speed= 400 meters/year Le Corre et al. 1997 Genet Res 69:117-125

COLONIZATION DYNAMICS Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129 Founder effects detected by the distribution of cpDNA Oak haplotypes in France

GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS: Alps, Pyrénées, Carpathians Le Corre, 1997 Simulation of recolonization

25% of simulations 40% of simulations Le Corre, 1997 OAKS BEECH Magri et al, 2006 New Phytologist, 171: 199-221 Petit et al, 2002, Forest Ecology & Management 156: 5-26

PACE OF EVOLUTION DNA PROTEINS PHENOTYPES A T http://www.p450.kvl. G dk/gallery/ C RAPID SLOW SINCE TIME OF SINCE LAST INSTALLATION GLACIATION

PACE OF EVOLUTION in Sessile oak CpDNA variation in Q. petraea Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129 Late populations Bud burst variation in Q. petraea Early populations Ducousso et al. 1996: Ann. Sci. For. 53:775-782

PACE OF EVOLUTION in Norway spruce 8000 BP 7000 BP 6000 BP 5000 BP 4000 BP 3000 BP 2000 BP 1000 BP Aujourd’hui 66 N° 56 N° 56 N ° 66 N° 56 N° 66 N° Hannerz et al. 2000 Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 15:313

3 GENETIC DIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT ECONOMICAL EVOLUTIONARY IDENTITY VALUE VALUE VALUE BENEFIT FITNESS PASSPORT DATA DNA PROTEINS PHENOTYPES PATRIMONIAL ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

3 GENETIC DIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT ECONOMICAL EVOLUTIONARY IDENTITY VALUE VALUE VALUE BENEFIT FITNESS PASSPORT DATA ? ? DNA ? ? PROTEINS ? PHENOTYPES

EVOLUTION OF RING WIDTH IN BREEDING POPULATIONS OF MARITIME PINE X P1 60 3 2 50 1 40 width (mm) P2 X 30 20 10 X P3 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 calendar year Bouffier et al, 2006 in prep

Relationship heterozygosity – Adaptation in beech INTRA TREE DIVERSITY: INCREASE ADAPTABILITY TO INDIVIDUAL HETEROZYGOSITY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

Relationship heterozygosity – Adaptation in beech Altitude Ha Tolerant Ha Sensitive 1 1 230-250 25.4 22.6 2 2 450-500 28.9 22.6 3 550-600 24.2 19.5 4 850-900 28.3 20.3 3 5 810-830 31.4 27.4 4 6 770-870 27.7 22.4 5 14 to 17 isozyme loci 6 Müller-Starck G. 1988 in « Genetic effects of air pollutants in forest tree populations » p 127-141

MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTING Certification Diagnostic Regulations Fingerprinting of living tissues Fingerprinting of wood Fingerprinting of fossil remains

DETECTING NON-INDIGENOUS MATERIAL Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129

IDENTIFICATION OF NON-INDIGENOUS MATERIAL = 3 trees Parcelle 9231 3 km

MOLECULAR TRACEABILITY MOLECULAR TRACEABILITY Certification Combatting illegal logging

CONCLUSIONS HIGH LEVELS OF DIVERSITY, PROMOTING RAPID EVOLUTION STRONG HISTORICAL IMPRINTS ON NEUTRAL DIVERSITY- LIMITED HUMAN INTERFERENCES EXPECTED CHANGES DUE TO INCREASED ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS