24/07/2016 AS 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses How, when and why plants and animals respond to external stimuli and Plant and Animal responses internal instructions including inter and intraspecific relationships in order to ensure successful survival and reproduction. What is a habitat? Thinking hats on…. An organism’s habitat is the physical place in which it lives. Can you think of a stimulus and its corresponding behavioural response for an animal and a plant? Can you give the main difference between how animals and plants deal with a stimulus? Lichens are found on rocks, trees, Most frogs, like this leopard frog, live in or near fresh and bare ground. water, but a few can survive in arid habitats. What does a habitat provide? Whereas the habitat does not change, the environment does. The habitat provides organisms with the following resources : The environment is everything Food and water sources that affects an organism eg Mating sites biotic and abiotic factors. Nesting sites Shelter 1
24/07/2016 Abiotic (physical) Factors Biotic (living) Factors The biotic factors influence the The abiotic factors influence the habitat in which an organism habitat in which an organism lives. lives. These include: These include: humidity Food supply sunlight predator temperature prey salinity parasites pH (acidity) Competition exposure altitude Depth Each abiotic (or physical) factor may be well suited to the organism or it may present it with problems to overcome. Law of Tolerance Quick quiz The law of tolerance states that “For each abiotic factor , an organism has a range of tolerances within which it can survive.” 1) How can a tree be both a biotic and abiotic Tolerance range factor? Optimum range Food source and shelter. Resources are factors that are competed for Number of organisms whereas conditions are factors that influence organisms without being used up. 2) Can you identify a factor that is both a resource and a condition? Light. Unavailable Marginal Preferred Marginal Unavailable niche niche niche niche niche Examples of abiotic factors that influence size of the realized niche: What could cause the difference between the Ecological Niche fundamental and realised niche? The fundamental niche of an The ecological niche Habitat Adaptations organism is described by the describes the position of an full range of environmental organism in its environment. conditions (biological and A niche comprises: physical) under which the organism can exist. the habitat in which the organism lives. The realised niche of the the organism’s activity pattern : the organism is the niche that is periods of time during which it is active. actually occupied. It is the resources it obtains narrower than the from the habitat. fundamental niche. Activity Presence of other Physical patterns organisms conditions 2
24/07/2016 Gause’s Principle Liebig’s Law of the Minimum “No two species can occupy the same ecological niche in “The essential environmental factor present in the same place at the same time. One species will either die, shift away (emigrate) or change its niche.” the least amount will limit the functioning of the organism.” In the zone of overlap, interspecific competition is the most intense. Ex. North Island farms lacked cobalt in the 1930s. Zone of overlap Amount eaten Species Species A B Resource use as measured by food item size 14 Immediate Orientation in Animals Behaviours come in two categories Learned Innate Imprinting : normally and not so normally A learned response: behaviour soon after birth is triggered by something and then doesn’t change 3
24/07/2016 Other learned behaviours Behaviours come in two categories • Habituation: learning that a stimulus is of no Learned Innate importance ( eg stock by a road ) prevents an • Advantage: learned behaviours organism being in a constant state of alarm give animals more adaptability to the environment • Conditioning eg learning to do things without • Imprinting: means young “thinking” about it eg walk recognise their parent and their species • Trial and error: learning what is useful eg food sites, water holes, nest building materials, cat and hot stove. Behaviours come in two categories Behaviours come in two categories Learned Innate Learned Innate • Advantage: learned behaviours • Advantage: learned behaviours • Inherited give animals more adaptability give animals more adaptability • Automatic responses to a stimuli to the environment to the environment • Much of invertebrate behaviour • Imprinting: means young • Imprinting: means young is innate recognise their parent and their recognise their parent and their species species • Usually involves vertebrates Eg: Imprinting, Habituation, Eg: Imprinting, Habituation, Conditioning, Trial and Error Conditioning, Trial and Error Innate behaviour Example: Parent/young feeding behaviour in birds. Stimulus : The red belly of the invading male. Innate Sign stimulus: Parent landing at the nest, colour of beak. behaviour: Sticklebacks attacked nonfish-like models with red on the ventral surface. Innate behaviour : The begging behaviour of newly hatched chicks (raised heads, open mouths, and loud cheeps). 4
24/07/2016 Instinctive behaviour Behaviours – big picture/ recap • A series of innate responses co-ordinated to achieve a certain result • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hREwakXmAo eg making a nest • Often one action is the releaser for the next • Same in the whole species (may be sex differences) • Often if the sequence is broken, have to start again = “non thinking” process Taxes What’s the taxis? A taxis is a movement of an organism towards or away from a stimulus. Negative They are named according to the kind of phototaxis stimulus and the direction of the response. How are stimuli detected by animals? What are the main effectors of a response? Cockroach scuttles away from light What’s the taxis? • Woodlice show a negative phototaxis. Positive • This would will result in them moving away from bright conditions gravitaxis/ towards darker regions. Brighter conditions tend to be drier and geotaxis warmer than dark conditions so this behaviour will again result in decreased desiccation. Clam digs towards gravity 5
24/07/2016 What’s the taxis? What’s the taxis? Negative Positive gravitaxis/ rheotaxis geotaxis Land snail moves upwards when disturbed Mayfly nymph swims against a water current What’s the taxis? What’s the taxis? Positive Positive thermotaxis chemotaxis Mosquito attracted to heat Male silk moth attracted by pheromones What’s the taxis? phototaxis Positive phototaxis Moth flies towards light Euglena and moths are positively phototactic 6
24/07/2016 Kinesis Thigmotaxis – movement in response to touch. Hydrotaxis – movement in response to water. • A kinesis is non-directed orientation – moves, but not towards or Klinotaxis – side-to-side movement in response away from a stimulus. to stimulus (blowfly larvae) • The amount of movement is related to the intensity of the stimulus Tropotaxis – straight line movement in response to stimulus due to pairs of sensory organs on either side of organism. Orthokinesis Klinokinesis Intensity of stimulus determines the speed of movement. Intensity of stimulus determines the frequency of turning. e.g. slaters move slower in damper air. e.g. flatworms turn more often in light making more likely they will turn back into the dark. Klinokinesis is a change in the rate of turning • Slaters show both an increased speed of movement and increased rate of turning in dry conditions and slower rates of movement in more humid conditions. • This response will result in them accumulating in more humid regions and so will not lose water from their bodies. 7
24/07/2016 • Slaters show a positive thigmokinesis. This means they are less active when more of their body surface • What is the stimulus with thigmokinesis and what would you is in contact with other objects (including other expect to see? woodlice). They will move around so that the maximum amount of their body is in contact with other objects. • Stimulus is touch. • Increased touch would mean more/less movement. • This behaviour results in woodlice forming groups or clumps and also means they will tend to congregate in cracks and crevices. In all these cases they will have better protection from desiccation and also predators. Starter • Recap Taxes and Kineses • Workbook pg 50-53 This weeks workbook pages Animal Behaviour - Timing • Timing responses – pg 43-49 • Due Monday • And: remember to keep an eye on the blog page for the glossary words (will go up every lesson or 2). 8
24/07/2016 Many animals show daily or seasonal rhythms in activity Animal Behaviour – • Daily (diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular) Timing • Tidal • Lunar http://www.britannica • Annual (hibernation, migration) .com/science/biological -rhythm Rhythms may be behavioral (eg active or asleep) or physiological (eg changes in body temperature). Tidal Rhythm Vs. Diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular? Why do tides affect animal behaviour? Link to their survival. Semilunar Rhythm Lunar Rhythm Why do tides affect animal behaviour? Link to their survival. 9
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