Sustainable and cost-efficient replacement of fish meal by animal and plant protein in feeds animal and plant protein in feeds for Atlantic salmon salmo salar for Atlantic salmon salmo salar By P. Leyton, S. Refstie, J. Árnason, By P. Leyton, S. Refstie, J. Árnason, G. Lehnebach & T. Åsgård
Objectives Replace the fish meal in salmon diets by plant protein and avian by-products to d t l t t i i b d t investigate effects on est gate e ects o 1. Growth and feed utilisation 2. Cost efficiency 3. Fish in / fish out 4 4. Productivity Productivity 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Feedstuffs Other: Protein sources: • Fish meal ( FM ) • Fish meal ( FM ) • Fish oil • Fish oil • Shrimp meal • Wheat meal • Poultry by-products • Vit + min premix meal • Phosphorus Phosphorus • Feather meal • Lysine HCl • Corn gluten meal • Corn gluten meal • Wheat gluten • Soybean meal • Lupin kernel meal Lupin kernel meal 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Test diets - composition 5% FM 10% FM 20% FM 36% FM CP, % 41.0 41.2 40.7 41.4 Lipid, % 29.8 29.9 30.1 30.2 Ash, % 5.1 5.9 5.9 7.1 USD 620 663 772 860 / tonn* / tonn *Prices on Chiloe Island in July 2006 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Test diets – 36% vs. 5% fish meal Vit/min Vit/min Vit/min/AA Wheat Wheat Fish oil Fish meal Fish oil Fish oil Shrimp Shrimp meal Feather L Lupin i meal Soybean Soybean Poultry by y y meal meal meal l Fish meal products Wheat Wheat gluten Feather Corn gluten gluten Corn gluten Corn gluten meal meal 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Ingredient cost and use of marine protein in the diets protein in the diets Ingredient cost USD / ton feed Ingredient cost, USD / ton feed Use of marine protein, kg / ton feed 1000 1000 300 300 250 eed 800 kg / ton fe 200 200 / ton f 600 150 400 400 feed USD 100 200 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Fish and experimental details • Location: Salmofood’s model sea farm at Liucura (Chiloe, Chile) • Fish: • Fish: Atlantic salmon; IBW = 721 g Atlantic salmon; IBW = 721 g 1500 fish / pen • Pens: 12 7 x 7 x 7 m • Replication: 3 pens / treatment • Saltwater • Saltwater (11 13 °C) (11 -13 C) • 116 feeding days g y 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Weight gain Initial BW Gain a a 2500 2500 ab b b 1731 1675 1546 2000 1467 1500 g 1000 500 0 5 10 20 36 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Growth (TGC x 1000) Days 1-35 Days 36-116 4,0 4 0 3,0 000 GC x 10 2,0 R 2 = 0.99; P < 0.0001 R 2 TG 0 99 P 0 0001 1,0 R 2 = 0.60; P = 0.24 0 0 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
FCR (feed intake / gain) Days 1-35 Days 36-116 1,5 1 5 1 0 1,0 FCR R 2 = 0.95; P = 0.0001 R 0.95; P 0.0001 0,5 0 5 R 2 = 0.70; P = 0.03 0 0 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
The aim of productivity is maximum efficient utilisation of resources ffi i t tili ti f � Increased net fish production p (fish in / fish out < 1) 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Ingredient cost and use of marine protein per ton salmon produced protein per ton salmon produced Ingredient cost, USD / ton fish produced Ingredient cost USD / ton fish produced Use of marine protein / ton fish produced 1000 1000 300 300 250 800 fish kg g / ton f 200 200 / ton f 600 150 400 400 USD fish 100 100 200 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Wild fish caught for fish meal production / ton salmon produced production / ton salmon produced 1500 ish ught fi 1000 wild ca 500 kg w 0 0 10 20 30 40 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Ton edible salmon produced / ton edible fish caught for fish meal production fish caught for fish meal production 5,0 4 0 4,0 3,0 Net production 2,0 1,0 0,0 5 10 20 36 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Unit produced / unit spent marine protein marine protein 2,5 2,0 1 5 1,5 Net production 1,0 0,5 0,0 5 10 20 36 % FM in the diet 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Conclusions Reducing the dietary FM from 36 to 5% • Only marginally affected growth • Increased the FCR by 8.5% I d th FCR b 8 5% • Reduced raw material costs by 31% Reduced raw material costs by 31% • Reduced marine protein use by 76% • Made Atlantic salmon a net producer of marine protein, producing 2.5 times as i t i d i 2 5 ti much as it consumed 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Perspectives • Further growth in aquaculture requires efficient use of marine feedstuffs ffi i t f i f d t ff • Production and processing of grains • Production and processing of grains offers a wide variety of protein sources • Animal and aquaculture by products may be “re circulated” into excellent may be re-circulated into excellent protein sources for fish • Salmon farming may become independent of fish meal independent of fish meal 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
Future fish feeds Future fish feeds contains little fi h! fish! Thank you Thank you. 15.8.2009 Aquaculture Europe 2009, Trondheim SR
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