Planni Planning gs s Role ole in in Sus Sustain ainable le - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Planni Planning’ g’s s Role ole in in Sus Sustain ainable le Was aste te Manage Managemen ment (Session #9109918) Ning Ai, Nancey Green Leigh, and Elizabeth Balkan May 6, 2017

Session Overview • APA 2017 PAS Report “Planning for Sustainable Material and Waste Management” by Ning Ai and Nancey Green Leigh • Interrelated MWM Planning Strategies and Implications for Municipal Finance • Economic Development from Waste Diversion • Zero Waste Planning Process and Implementation in NYC 2

Speakers Ning Ai, PhD. Nancey Green Leigh, PhD. FAICP Elizabeth Balkan Director of Policy; Assistant Professor Professor; Associate Dean for Senior Advisor to the University of Illinois Research, College of Design Commissioner at the NYC at Chicago Department of Sanitation 3

Urban Planning’s Missed Opportunities • Solid waste management is one of the largest items on the municipal budget for many cities, exceeded only by schools and roads (Daniels 2014; World Bank 2012). • Americans’ Per capita waste generation rate is one of the highest among developed economies worldwide (World Bank 2012: OECD 2017; UNSD 2017). • Landfills are the 3rd largest anthropogenic source of methane emissions, accounting for 1/5 of the national total (US EPA 2016). • Waste diversion creates businesses and jobs, but the potential has yet to be realized. • Local planning tools are available to promote MWM data collection and equitable MWM, as well as operation efficiency. 4

Key Challenges of MWM • Local efforts vs. Global Impacts • Efficiency vs. Equity • Limited local data vs. Regional Heterogeneity • Short-term vs. Long-term impacts Ai, Ning. 2011. "Challenges of Sustainable Urban Planning: The Case of Municipal Solid 5 Waste Management." Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech.

• Compliance and progressive zero waste plans • Determine locally specific MWM methods Envir ironment • Plan across environmental media • Connections with other sustainability plans • Incorporate MWM considerations in new development reviews • Decouple waste volume from economic and population growth Inf nfrastruc uctur ure • Integrate material and waste management infrastructure • Plan for MWM infrastructure that integrates green design and environmental health impacts through life cycle stages of MWM • Budget planning for MWM services • Account for full costs when pricing for waste services Financ nce e • Dedicate MWM revenue to support recycling programs Sustainable • Balance environmental and economic goals MWM Planning • Job creation through reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing (R3) activities Strategies • R3 industry development Economy my • Planning and policy tools for economic development from waste diversion • R3 requirements for business and consumers • Controversy surrounding waste facility siting • Market drivers and confounding factors that challenge equity goals Eq Equity • Stakeholder involvement, zoning ordinance, and assistance programs towards equity goals • Data barriers to efficient and effective MWM Technology • Plan for community-specific MWM using smart MWM technology • Employ planning tools that facilitate MWM data collection 6 Ai and Leigh (2017)

General Flows of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 7 Ai, Ning. 2011. "Challenges of Sustainable Urban Planning: The Case of Municipal Solid Waste Management." Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech.

Environmental Impacts of MSW to be Managed Note: CH4 = methane; CO = carbon monoxide; CO2 = carbon dioxide; HCl = hydrochloric acid; HF = hydrofluoric acid; NOx = nitrogen oxides; N2O = nitrous oxide ; PAHs = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; VOCs = volatile organic compounds; SO2 = Sulphur dioxide; 8 PM = particulate matter. Source : Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from Giusti 2009; Tabasová et al. 2012; U.S. EPA 2016; Stuart 2006.

Selected Cities/ Counties w 40% + Recycling Rate Ai and Leigh (2017) based on sources of Clarke 2014, Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency 2011, unless otherwise noted * Indicates the disposal fee of the state average 9 (Green Power Inc 2014)

Balancing Environmental and Economic Goals • Account for full costs • Internalize externalities of MWM services • Dedicate MWM revenue to support recycling programs • Reduce MWM cost by promoting landfill diversion • Improve collection efficiency • Privatize service Reduced MWM budget does not necessarily entail an increase in service fees or service interruptions. Ai, Ning, and Anthony Grande. 2012. “Financially-Viable Approaches to Municipal Solid Waste Management during Economic Recession.” Young Professional 10 Best Paper, 105th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, Texas, June 19–22.

Market-Based Instruments for MWM REVENUE-GENERATING COST-INCURRING INSTRUMENTS NON-REVENUE INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS – Variable unit pricing – Subsidies – Tradable pollution rights – Waste flow controls* – Tax credits for green businesses – Liability for environmental damage – Green taxes (eco-taxes) on – Host community compensations – Public procurement consumption and production for facility siting requirements (e.g. (e.g. plastic bag fees, tax on the goods with use of hazardous substances in specified percentage of products) recycled materials) – Taxes on disposal options (e.g., – Grants (e.g. for research and – Deposit-refund systems (e.g. for landfilling, incineration) recycling programs) beverage containers) – Rewards for recycling – Extended producer responsibility (EPR) Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from UNEP 2015, Box 4.17, and Cointreau and Hornig 2003 *Waste flow controls have been proposed by several regions but are currently prohibited by federal law. 11

Economic Incentives Pay as You Throw (PAYT) Recycling Reward Programs Source: City of Portland. Source: http://www.go-green.ae/uploads/rewardsa.jpg 12

Impact of Reduced Garbage Collection on Diversion http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42689&a=366217f Images: City of Portland. 13

Improve the MWM Efficiency by Strategic Infrastructure Planning Integrated Infrastructure Planning Consider MWM in New Development  Minimize Impacts of Existing Facilities • Monitor existing use and capacity • Expand MRF, C&D, and WTE capabilities • Explore new MWM methods and techniques • Recover methane from closed landfills  Avoid Unnecessary Expansion • Encourage source reduction and separation, recycling, reuse and composting • Incorporate reduction, diversion, and conversion in capacity projections • Require a county-wide review before siting new landfills  Mitigate Impacts of New Facilities • Preserve industrial lands • Only site new landfills in Candidate Solid Waste Landfill overlay • Design access routes to minimize traffic impacts • Screen landfills with vegetation • Plan for eventual restoration • Increase public awareness of solid waste issues Summary from Envision San José 2040: General Plan, Ai and Leigh (2017) Adapted from Daniels, 2014, p. 238. 14 Adopted November 1, 2011

Connecting MWM Plans with Other Regional Plans Source: Metro Vancouver 15 (2010).

Sustainability Implications of Wasted Food 16

“Smart” Opportunities to Close the Loop • Real-time waste monitoring • B2B Marketplace for surplus food • Neighborhood sharing • Re-market unsellable and “ugly” food • Up-cycling food waste into fertilizer THE CIRCLE OF LIFE Text adapted from https://foodtechconnect.com/2015/10/09/10-startups-reducing-food-waste-one-byte-at-a-time/ 17 Images from left to right: [1] https://www.foodrescue.io/; [2] http://olioex.com/; [3] http://cdn.psfk.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/loveuglyfood.jpg; [4] http://cleantechnica.com/files/2012/11/Re-Nuble.jpg.

Need of Community-Specific Data Comparison of top-ten landfill- bound residential waste Comparison of residential MSW composition composition by income group Source: Illinois Recycling Association 2015, Fig 2- 15 Chart by Ning Ai. Data source Chicago Department of Environment 2010) 18

MSW Data Collected in Other Countries 19 Eurostat 2017 Material Flow Indicators and Targets in Japan’s Material-cycle Society Plan Source: UNEP 2015, Box 2.1.

Planning Tools that Facilitate MWM Data Collection • City ordinances that incorporate the considerations of recycling and data reporting • Market derived data (e.g. Pay as You Throw programs) • Web-based tools for MWM data analysis, information sharing, and policy development • Managing and Transforming Waste Stream Tool (US EPA ) • Policy and Program Impact Estimator (US EPA ) • Food Waste Management Cost Calculator (US EPA ) • Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (US EPA) • Population and Municipal Solid Waste Composition Calculator (NY) • Stakeholder involvement 20

Emerging Technology in MWM Source: Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from Hannan et al. 2015 and Lawrence and Woods 2014, Figure 3.1. 21

Confounding Factors of Equity in MWM Planning Tools Market Factors Interstate waste movement, 2003 ( Repa 2005) Example zoning ordinance showing zoning districts in which MWM facilities are permitted (Sacramento County CA 2017) 22

Stakeholders in MWM Source: UNEP 2015, Figure 4.5. 23

Transition to Material Centered MWM Flanders, Belgium (2016) 24